We study the first-order Fermi acceleration process at parallel shock waves by means of Monte Carlo simulations. A ’realistic’ model of the magnetic field turbulence is applied involving sinusoidal waves imposed on the background mean field parallel to the shock normal. The finite-amplitude magnetic field perturbations lead to locally oblique field configurations at the shock and the respective...

Interaction of a shockwavewith a current sheet is investigated by the two-dimensional numerical magnetohydrodynamic model. In accordance with the solar coronal conditions, the ratio of the thermal to magnetic pressures of 0.1 and the shock Alfven Mach number of about 1.25 are used. It is found that the shock wave initiates magnetic reconnection process in the current sheet. Further, it is found...

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) act like "chaperones", making sure that the cell's proteins are in the right shape and in the right place at the right time. Heat-shock protein glycoprotein 96 (gp96) is a member of the HSP90 protein family, which chaperones a number of molecules in protein folding and transportation. Heat-shock protein gp96 serves as a natural adjuvant for chaperoning antigenic pepti...

Gas flows through micro shock tubes are widely used in many engineering applications such as micro engines, particle delivery devices etc. Recently, few studies have been carried out to explore the shock wave excursions through micro shock tubes at very low Reynolds number and at rarefied gas condition. But these studies assumed centered shock and expansion waves, which are generally produced b...

Shock reflection is a fundamental phenomenon in studying compressible flow. Since Ernst Mach first studied the reflection phenomena of shock waves in 1878 [6] great amount of research works on such phenomena, mainly experiments and computations, was proceeded. In gas dynamics when a shock wave meets an obstacle in its propagation process the shock reflection occurs generally. There are various ...

Electron injection process at high Mach number collisionless quasi-perpendicular shock waves is investigated by means of one-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations. We find that energetic electrons are generated through the following two steps: (1) electrons are accelerated nearly perpendicular to the local magnetic field by shock surfing acceleration at the leading edge of th...

A new magnetic field generation mechanism in electrostatic shocks is found, which can produce fields with magnetic energy density as high as 0.01 of the kinetic energy density of the flows on time scales ∼ 10 ω−1 pe . Electron trapping during the shock formation process creates a strong temperature anisotropy in the distribution function, giving rise to the pure Weibel instability. The generate...

Shock is a final common pathway associated with regularly encountered emergencies including myocardial infarction, microbial sepsis, pulmonary embolism, significant trauma, and anaphylaxis. Shock results in impaired tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, and metabolic derangements that cause cellular injury. The clinical manifestations and prognosis of shock are largely dependent on the etiology a...

A new magnetic field generation mechanism in electrostatic shocks is found, which can produce fields with magnetic energy density as high as 0.01 of the kinetic energy density of the flows on time scales ∼10(4)ωpe-1. Electron trapping during the shock formation process creates a strong temperature anisotropy in the distribution function, giving rise to the pure Weibel instability. The generated...

Abstract We propose a spatiotemporal point process model that enhances the classical Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model. This is achieved with introduction of renewal main-shock arrival and we call this extension ETAS (RETAS) modification similar in spirit to Hawkes (RHawkes) but conditional intensity supports spatial component. It empowers reset upon main-shocks. allows for heavier...