Introduction: Biological effects of magnetic fields have been investigated by scientists for many years and a vast amount of research using different frequencies and intensities have been performed on humans and laboratory animals. The results of these studies, which have mostly been done by applying high frequencies, have shown that electromagnetic fields are effective on structure and functio...

Abstract Animals’ selection of environments within a preferred range is key to understanding their habitat selection, tolerance stressors and responses environmental change. For aquatic animals, ranges can be studied in so-called shuttle-boxes, where an animal choose its ambient environment by shuttling between separate choice chambers with differences variable. Over time, researchers have refi...

so called passive avoidance), the animal precludes the aversive stimulus by not showing a behavior regularly shown in a particular environment. Inhibitory avoidance is acquired in only one trial, where the subject is punished for doing something such as entering a new compartment (test). Then, in a second session (retest), behavioral inhibition, for example not entering the compartment, is meas...

There have been an abundance of lifting studies performed throughout the history of biomechanical analysis however, there are few studies that have looked at the biomechanics of placing a box on a target or within a restricted space. Of those studies, none have looked at the human’s ability to precisely place the box, and none have considered precise placement in restricted space. Furthermore, ...

The auditory sensitivity of 4 specimens of the bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosis) was determined by shock-avoidance training in an aquatic shuttle box. The range of hearing extended from 100 to 4000 cycles per second, with the maximum sensitivity around 600 to 700 cycles per second.