We consider a generalization of the representation of the so-called co-Minkowski plane (due to H. and R. Struve) to an abelian group (V;+) and a commutative subgroup G of Aut(V;+). If P = G × V satis7es suitable conditions then an invariant re8ection structure (in the sense of Karzel (Discrete Math. 208=209 (1999) 387–409)) can be introduced in P which carries the algebraic structure of K-loop ...

This paper proposes a novel architecture for ultra-tight integration of a High Sensitivity Global Positioning System (HSGPS) receiver with an Inertial Navigation System (INS), to address the issue of GPS tracking and positioning in degraded signal environments. By enhancing signal tracking loops in receivers through the use of optimal controllers/estimators and aiding from external source such ...

Phase locked loops find wide application in several modern applications mostly in advance communication and instrumentation systems. PLL being a mixed signal circuit involves design challenge at high frequency. This work analyses the design of a mixed signal phase locked loop for faster phase and frequency locking. The PLL is designed in GPDK090 library of CMOS 90nm process to operate at a freq...

Cellular networks are composed of complicated interconnections among components, and some subnetworks of particular functioning are often identified as network motifs. Among such network motifs, feedback loops are thought to play important dynamical roles. Intriguingly, such feedback loops are very often found as a coupled structure in cellular circuits. Therefore, we integrated all the scatter...

PLL Basics A phase-locked loop is a feedback system combining a voltagecontrolled oscillator and a phase comparator so connected that the oscillator frequency (or phase) accurately tracks that of an applied frequencyor phase-modulated signal. Phase-locked loops can be used, for example, to generate stable output frequency signals from a fixed low-frequency signal. The first phase-locked loops w...

PURPOSE The objective of this study was to determine whether a sodium phased array would improve sodium breast MRI at 3 T. The secondary objective was to create acceptable proton images with the sodium phased array in place. METHODS A novel composite array for combined proton/sodium 3 T breast MRI is compared with a coil with a single proton and sodium channel. The composite array consists of...