The general theoretical properties and various approximate formulas for the angle χ S of astronomical refraction at are presented, beginning with its fundamental expression by integral immediately leading to Simpson formula. Assuming a spherically symmetric atmosphere, many additional results show up, starting Oriani’s “theorem” Bouguer’s equation. From these, an usual form is derived. A approx...

In 1942, Henry Sigerist questioned the idea that "the German way in public health was to enforce health through the police while the English way consisted in acting through education and persuasion".2 Contrasts of this kind have, however, remained commonplace throughout the twentieth century.3 In the 1950s, George Rosen sought to reframe the history of public health in order to understand how i...