value of tourism and recreation are direct values of the forest ecosystem and parks, which include the use of parks and forest for recreation, leisure, hiking, and aesthetic. in this study, hasht behesht park recreational value and willingness to pay (wtp) is defined and measured by using contingent valuation method (cv) and double-bounded dichotomous choice (ddc). for measuring the willingness...

Agricultural expansion has had a detrimental effect on tropical forests and the animal communities that depend them. Agroforestry systems, however, with their more complex tree plant communities, have been shown to be important habitats for range of globally threatened species, including nocturnal animals. Here, we present novel data encounter rates seven species mammals in relation agroforestr...

Indonesia has at least 54 National Parks (Taman Nasional) and 123 Nature Tourism Wisata Alam) with an area of 16 million ha. In addition to national parks Parks, the potential natural tourism in conservation areas is also located 28 units Forest Park, Buru Park 11 units, Reserve 219 Wildlife Sanctuary 72 Area /Nature Conservation as much 56 units. However, there still unlicensed forest control,...

This series of working papers is intended to provide information and to generate fruitful discussion on key issues in the sustainable and equitable use of plant resources. This publication is based on a report prepared in 1992 for CARE-DTC. CARE's Development Through Conservation (DTC) project, initiated in 1988 under an agreement between USAID, WWF and CARE, has supported environmental conserv...

The value of ecotourism in creating opportunities for sustainable development of communities and management of ecosystem and environment was studied in the Uttarakhand state of India. This Himalayan state promotes ecotourism in national parks and sanctuaries, apart from exclusive areas created for ecotourism in the form of ecoparks. One such ecopark namely Dhanolti ecopark was surveyed intensiv...

forest road construction is the most costly operation in forestry. road designing and construction in unsuitable areas may increase construction and maintenance costs and also cause many environmental impacts. therefore, it is required to pay more attention to forest road design. in this research, we tried to introduce an appropriate method for locating forest roads using gis and ahp simultaneo...

Understanding the processes that influence species diversity is still a challenge in ecological studies. However, there are two main theories to discuss this topic, the niche theory and the neutral theory. Our objective was to understand the importance of environmental and spatial processes in structuring bird communities within the hydrological seasons in dry forest areas in northeastern Brazi...