Causes of pain in wound care Dressing-related pain can sometimes be worse than the pain from the wound. Benbow (2010) suggests that wound and dressing-related pain is underestimated and poorly managed and may lead to extended healing times. She identifies that the most common causes of pain include removing dressings that stick to the wound bed, skin stripping of periwound skin and tissue macer...

Both the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the vehicle physicochemical characteristics are retained to be the main features responsible for favorable topical bioavailability. Emulsion systems based on natural-origin alkyl polyglucoside (APG) emulsifier (cetearyl glucoside & cetearyl alcohol) present promising vehicles in contemporary pharmaceutical compounding [1], but require further charac...

BACKGROUND Rosacea is a common, incurable skin barrier disorder characterized by relapses and remissions. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of Farmaka Rosacea Cream (FRC), a novel topical formulation for rosacea. METHODS This single-center, open-label pilot study comprised a single-dose substudy in 20 healthy subjects and a long-term, repeat-dose substudy in 22 subjects with rosacea. The 2-h...

~Ihe nature of Langerhans cells is disputed. ~fhey have been considered effete melanocytes (1, 2), postmelanin-synthetic cells (3), melanocyte precursors (4), intraepidermal nerve endings (5, 6), or postdivisional stages of previously melanogenic melanocytes (7). Under the electron microscope, melanocytes and Langerhans cells are distinguished by highly characteristic cytoplasmic or-ganelles: m...

BACKGROUND Epicutaneous immunotherapy targets the network of dendritic cells in the epidermis. Allergen exposure of the dermal layers should be limited as these contain mast cells and blood vessels, which increases the risk for local and systemic allergic reactions. METHODS This intraindividually controlled trial included 20 subjects with birch pollen allergy. Three areas of the volar forearm...

The epidermal barrier function is very important to maintain proper moisture in the human skin and protect inner body homeostasis. stratum corneum (SC) major player function. Interleukin (IL)-33 a tissue-derived cytokine, mainly expressed epithelial endothelial cells, activates Th2 lymphocytes, mast ILC2, eosinophils. We aimed study role of IL-33 steady state. Wild-type (WT), knockout (IL-33KO)...

Skin penetration of benzoic acid and its 4-alkyl substituents (methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl) through excised guinea pig dorsal skin was examined, and effects of removal of stratum corneum, delipidization and addition of the penetration enhancers, ethanol and l-menthol plus ethanol, were observed. Permeability coefficients, which increased with the increase in their alkyl chain lengths, d...