Despite recent declines in cigarette smoking prevalence, the tobacco product landscape has shifted to include emerging tobacco products* (1,2). Previous research has documented adult use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes by state (3); however, state-specific data on other tobacco products are limited. To assess tobacco product use in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC), CDC a...

Cigarette smoking has declined considerably among U.S. adults over several decades (1); however, increases have occurred in the use of noncigarette tobacco products in recent years, and the use of multiple tobacco products has become common among current users of noncigarette tobacco products (2,3). Differences in tobacco use have also been observed across population subgroups, including among ...

OBJECTIVE Water-pipe tobacco smoking is becoming increasingly more common among young people. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the use of water pipes and other forms of tobacco use, including cigarette smoking, among medical students, as well as to examine the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of those students regarding this issue. METHODS We administered a quest...

BACKGROUND In 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated two diarrhoea outbreaks affecting urban Bangladeshi communities from the districts of Bogra and Kishorganj to identify etiology, pathways of transmission, and factors contributing to these outbreaks. METHODS We defined case-patients with severe diarrhoea as residents from affected communities admitted with ≥3 loose stools per day. We l...

OBJECTIVE To assess the geographical distribution and time trends of manufactured cigarette and water-pipe use among Iranian adult population. METHOD Pooled data from four consecutive nationally and provincially representative STEPS surveys, 2006-2009, were analyzed. Prevalence of current daily manufactured cigarette smokers, current daily water-pipe and current daily dual users and associate...

Robotic systems for water pipe inspection do not generally include navigation components for mapping the pipe network and locating damage. Such navigation systems would be highly advantageous for water companies because it would allow them to more effectively target maintenance and reduce costs. In water pipes, a major challenge for robot navigation is feature sparsity. In order to address this...

Water distribution networks comprised of underground reinforced concrete pipes deteriorate with time due to environmental conditions, such as chloride-induced corrosion and differential soil movements [1]. If the pipes in these networks are not periodically replaced, they will eventually fail. Strategies for replacement for these pipes depend on 1) the risks associated with failure of a water d...

according to the irrigation systems design standards, allowed pressure variation in lateral pipes is 20 percent. reasons for this rate selection, which since the 60's is performed, are not known. the increased changes in allowed pressure tubes to lateral pipes design, the increased sprinkling system required pressure and the increased nonuniform sprinkler distribution, so energy supply cos...

Precise causes of water quality failures are often difficult to pinpoint. The complexity of the distribution system (many kilometers of pipes of different materials and ages), occurrences of physical/chemical/biological processes and the lack or absence of timely data make forensic analyses of water quality failure events very challenging. Water quality failure in the distribution system can oc...