We introduce the Random Access Zipper (RAZ), a simple, purely-functional data structure for editable sequences. The RAZ combines the structure of a zipper with that of a tree: like a zipper, edits at the cursor require constant time; by leveraging tree structure, relocating the edit cursor in the sequence requires log time. While existing data structures provide these time bounds, none do so wi...

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linguistically, deviation is one of the words’ resurrection aspects that breaks the surface structure of words, not their deep structure, and makes the audience to experience a literary pleasure. this study is a descriptive analysis of deviated ironies in ibn-e-farez and mowlavi’s divans. in addition to artistic and aesthetic aspects, as the study shows, ironies have been used in the works of t...

Words follow the law of brevity, i.e. more frequent words tend to be shorter. From a statistical point of view, this qualitative definition of the law states that word length and word frequency are negatively correlated. Here the recent finding of patterning consistent with the law of brevity in Formosan macaque vocal communication (Semple et al., 2010) is revisited. It is shown that the negati...

The name ‘martingale’ comes from the betting world. The typical story is that Zi represents the wealth after a sequence of fair bets where the winnings in the ith round are represented by Yi with E[Yi] = 0. ∗These notes summarize the material covered in class, usually skipping proofs, details, examples and so forth, and possibly adding some remarks, or pointers. The exercises are for self-pract...

Time is running short. So let me be concise. Brevity may cause omissions. Gaps caused by omission can be filled in later. If you have questions, remember them. After I have finished lecturing, I shall try to answer the questions you then will ask. First let us hear something of which nobody should be able to say immediately and with sure conviction whether it is music or noise. Nor do you have ...

designed to help teachers, parents or nurses who have to take on the task of helping such a child although they are not trained to do so. It deals briefly with the development of language and the brain mechanisms involved, and describes the causes and symptoms of speech dysfunction, as well as the clinical examination of affected children. There is a note on the differential diagnosis of genera...