introduction: neurons in layer ii and iii of the somatosensory cortex in rats show high frequency (33 ± 13 hz) of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mepscs) that their rates and amplitudes are independent of sodium channels. there are some changes in these currents in neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. regarding to well known roles of the neuromodulatory brain systems in th...

PURPOSE We compared the effects of alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker (α-blocker) monotherapy with those of combination therapy with α-blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) progression for over 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 620 patients with BPH who received α-blocker monotherapy (α-blocker group, n=368) or combination therapy (combi...

The ?-blocker (S)-bisoprolol hemifumarate has been synthesised in 96% enantiomeric excess with 19% total yield a six-step synthesis. A transesterification reaction of the racemic chlorohydrin 1-chloro-3-(4-((2-isopropoxyethoxy)methyl)phenoxy)propan-2-ol catalysed by lipase B from Candida antarctica resulted R-chlorohydrin high purity. Reaction this building block isopropylamine methanol gave (S...

BACKGROUND Bitter taste is the primary culprit for rejection of pediatric liquid medications. We probed the underlying biology of bitter sensing and the efficacy of two known bitter blockers in children and adults. METHODS A racially diverse group of 154 children (3-10 years old) and their mothers (N = 118) evaluated the effectiveness of two bitter blockers, sodium gluconate (NaG) and monosod...

BACKGROUND Allergy diagnosis by determination of allergen-specific IgE is complicated by clinically irrelevant IgE, of which the most prominent example is IgE against cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) that occur on allergens from plants and insects. Therefore, CCDs cause numerous false-positive results. Inhibition of CCDs has been proposed as a remedy, but has not yet found its wa...

Using delayed-rectifier potassium channels as examples, we have designed two specific blockers by generating specific antipeptide antibodies to epitopes in the external vestibules of two channel proteins, Kv1.2 and Kv3.1. These antibodies reduced whole-cell Kv1.2 or Kv3.1 currents in transfected cells and the effect was blocked by the corresponding peptide antigen, but not by control peptides. ...