Introduction The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) has proposed a preventative scheme for managing microbial risks in foods that introduces the important new concept of a food safety objective (FSO). The FSO concept translates public health risk into a definable goal: a specified maximum frequency and/or concentration of a [microbiological] hazard in a...

Abstract. Whilst the last decades have seen a clear shift in emphasis from managing natural hazards to risk, majority of natural-hazard risk research still focuses on single hazards. Internationally, there are calls for more attention multi-hazards and multi-risks. Within European Union (EU), concepts multi-hazard multi-risk assessment management taken centre stage recent years. In this perspec...