the down-flow hanging sponge (dhs) reactor, which was developed for post-treatment of effluent from up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) process treating sewage, uses polyurethane sponge as media to retain biomass. wastewater is trickled from the top of the reactor and purified by microorganisms retained both inside and outside of the sponge media as the wastewater flows vertically down thr...

Several commercial Lewis acids, including those of the Bronsted type, specifically HBF(4).OEt(2), are able to catalyze the reaction between aromatic aldehydes and ethyl diazoacetate to produce 3-hydroxy-2-arylacrylic acid ethyl esters and 3-oxo-3-arylpropanoic acid ethyl esters. Reactions catalyzed by the iron Lewis acid [(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))Fe(+)(CO)(2)(THF)]BF(4)(-) (i.e., 1) have the best yield...

C ERTAIN attention is paid today to the weaknesses of the classical blast furnace process, and interest is continuously increasing in methods for direct reduction without melting. Several different methods have been developed or suggested in the past, but so far only a few have been adopted for practical use. Another tendency in the iron industry of today is the change-over to concentrates, wit...

the down-flow hanging sponge (dhs) reactor, which was developed for post-treatment of effluent from up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) process treating sewage, uses polyurethane sponge as media to retain biomass. wastewater is trickled from the top of the reactor and purified by microorganisms retained both inside and outside of the sponge media as the wastewater flows vertically down thro...

The kinetics of steam reforming methane catalyzed by sponge iron was studied at temperatures between 875°C and 1050°C. Results shows that acts as a catalyst conversion is increased in higher with H2/H2O ratio the inlet gas. A kinetic model based on chemical reaction control fits well experimental data up to 0.5 an apparent activation energy 258 kJ/mol. Pore diffusion limits rate more intensely ...