This paper proposes a statist ical method for learning dependency preference of Japanese subordinate clauses, in which scope embedding preference of subordinate clauses is exploited as a useful information source for disambiguating dependencies between subordinate clauses. Es t imated dependencies of subordinate clauses successfully increase the precision of an existing statistical dependency a...

Behaviorally subordinate female common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) exhibit pronounced, chronic reductions of circulating cortisol levels. Cortisol suppression in these animals is mediated in part by adrenocortical hyporesponsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In addition, we hypothesized that social subordination may activate a central, neurally mediated mechanism to furth...

Few studies have identi®ed determinants of delegation and consultation. To investigate this question further, we surveyed managers and subordinates in two samples and interviewed managers individually or in focus groups. The use of delegation and consultation with individual subordinates was determined in part by characteristics of the subordinates and the manager±subordinate relationship. More...

Crayfish fight and form a dominance hierarchy characterized by a pattern of repeated agonistic interactions between animals with a consistent outcome of winner and loser. Once a dominance hierarchy is established, dominant animals display an elevated posture with both claws held laterally and forward, whereas subordinate animals display a more prone posture with both claws extended forward and ...

In many animal societies, a small proportion of dominant females monopolize reproduction by actively suppressing subordinates. Theory assumes that this is because subordinate reproduction depresses the fitness of dominants, yet the effect of subordinate reproduction on dominant behaviour and reproductive success has never been directly assessed. Here, we describe the consequences of experimenta...

let $p$ be an analytic function defined on the open unit disc $mathbb{d}$ with $p(0)=1.$ the conditions on $alpha$ and $beta$ are derived for $p(z)$ to be subordinate to $1+4z/3+2z^{2}/3=:varphi_{c}(z)$ when $(1-alpha)p(z)+alpha p^{2}(z)+beta zp'(z)/p(z)$ is subordinate to $e^{z}$. similar problems were investigated for $p(z)$ to lie in a region bounded by lemniscate of bernoulli $|w^{2}-1...