We introduce and investigate a new type of reductions between counting problems, which we call subtractive reductions. We show that the main counting complexity classes #P, #NP, as well as all higher counting complexity classes # · kP, k 2, are closed under subtractive reductions. We then pursue problems that are complete for these classes via subtractive reductions. We focus on the class #NP (...

and prove that the study of such structures is equivalent to the study of generalized Boolean algebras. We call such structures Boolean subtractive algebras since they are subtractive algebras in the sense of Crapo and Rota ([1], 3.7). Alternatively, such structures might be called generalized colonies since, as we later prove, every colony is a Boolean subtractive algebra. As an example of a B...

Objective: Soil temperature serves as a key variable in hydrological investigations to determine soil moisture content as well as hydrological balance in watersheds. The ingoing research aims to shed lights on potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to simulate soil temperature at 5-100 cm depths. To satisfy this end, climatic and...

In this paper, we explore the applicability of Subtractive Clustering Technique (SCT) to student allocation problem that allocates new students to homogenous groups of specified maximum capacity, and analyze effects of such allocations on the academic performance of students. The paper also presents a Fuzzy set, Subtractive Clustering Technique (SCT) and regression analysis based Subtractive Cl...

In recent years, techniques that combine different manufacturing processes such as additive and subtractive technologies are gaining significant attention. This is due to their ability to capitalise on consolidated advantages of combining these processes. However, there are limited process planning methods available to effectively synthesise additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies. ...

INTRODUCTION Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to a process that builds up a component in layers, as opposed to a subtractive operation, which removes matter from a block of material to form a product.[1,2] An increase in customer demand for customizable, quick turnaround, low cost products has opened the door for AM processes to enter the large scale production market once dominated by subtra...

We extend a previous Landau-gauge study of subtractive renormalization of the fermion propagator Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) in strong-coupling, quenched QED4 to arbitrary covariant gauges. We use the fermion-photon proper vertex proposed by Curtis and Pennington with an additional correction term included to compensate for the small gauge-dependence induced by the ultraviolet regulator. We ...

We extend a previous Landau-gauge study of subtractive renormalization of the fermion propagator Dyson-Schwinger equation (DSE) in strong-coupling, quenched QED4 to arbitrary covariant gauges. We use the fermion-photon proper vertex proposed by Curtis and Pennington with an additional correction term included to compensate for the small gauge-dependence induced by the ultraviolet regulator. We ...

in this paper we introduce the concept of weakly prime ternary subsemimodules of a ternary semimodule over a ternary semiring and obtain some characterizations of weakly prime ternary subsemimodules. we prove that if $n$ is a weakly prime subtractive ternary subsemimodule of a ternary $r$-semimodule $m$, then either $n$ is a prime ternary subsemimodule or $(n : m)(n : m)n = 0$. if $n$ is a $q$-...