Let us start our panoramic overview of what is known in Natural Philosophy by setting the stage of discourse — the universe, its range of sizes and motions. Starting from a “foot”, we can go down to a ten thousandth of a foot, which is the size of the smallest ‘animal’ visible. Conversely we can go up in size to a mile, to the size of the Earth, the distance of the Moon, the Sun, and finally th...

The purpose of this project is to discuss the astronomical development from the heliocentric theory to the geocentric theory. The main goal is to eliminate the common misconception that the Copernican system simply entails a change in the frame of reference from the Ptolemaic system. In particular, we will show how the Copernican system allows us to determine the size of the Universe (in terms ...

We have reexamined our previously published data to search for evidence of correlations between the rates for the alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus, and electroncapture decays of 22 Na, 44 Ti, 108 Ag m , 121 Sn m , 133 Ba, and 241 Am and the Earth-Sun distance. We find no evidence for such correlations and set limits on the possible amplitudes of such correlations substantially smaller than those ob...

pages 3188–3198, Osaka, Japan, December 11-17 2016. Inducing Bilingual Lexica From Non-Parallel Data With Earth Mover’s Distance Regularization Meng Zhang†‡ Yang Liu†‡ Huanbo Luan† Yiqun Liu† Maosong Sun†‡ †State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Technology and Systems Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua Univers...

Periodic oscillations are observed in Newton's gravitational constant G that are contemporaneous with length of day data obtained from the International Earth Rotation and Reference System (IERRS). Preliminary research has determined that the oscillatory period of G is ≈ 5.9 years (5.899 ± 0.062 years). In this paper, the oscillations are shown to be concomitant with the Earth's distance from t...

In the 19th century the American mathematician G.W. Hill devised a simple and useful approximation for the motion of the moon around the earth with perturbations by the sun. To most dynamical astronomers “Hill’s Problem” still means a model for motions in the solar system in which two nearby bodies move in nearly circular orbits about another much larger body at a great distance. These lectures...

During 2002, the Voyager 1 spacecraft was in the heliosphere between 83.4 and 85.9 AU (1 AU is the mean distance from the Sun to Earth) at 34 N heliographic latitude. The magnetic field strength profile observed in this region had a multifractal structure in the range of scales from 2 to 16 days. The multifractal spectrum observed near 85 AU is similar to that observed near 40 AU, indicating re...

ai = normalized radius of body’s circularized orbit for i M;S, where M moon and S sun C = cost function Cd = discrete cost function D1 D2 = operator that denotes the derivative with respect to the first (second) argument dEO = distance of spacecraft from Earth, km dMO = distance of spacecraft from moon, km dp = altitude of elliptical orbit at perigee, km E = energy integral Ei = critical energy...

We report on new simulations of the transport of energetic protons originating from the decay of energetic neutrons produced in solar flares. Because the neutrons are fast-moving but insensitive to the solar wind magnetic field, the decay protons are produced over a wide region of space, and they should be detectable by current instruments over a broad range of longitudes for many hours after a...

Given a solar luminosity LAr = 0.75L0 at the beginning of the Archean 3.8 Ga ago, where L0 is the present-day one, if the heliocentric distance, r, of the Earth was rAr = 0.956r0, the solar irradiance would have been as large as IAr = 0.82I0. It would have allowed for a liquid ocean on the terrestrial surface, which, otherwise, would have been frozen, contrary to the empirical evidence. By furt...