Children spend more time outdoors than adults and there is compelling evidence that childhood is a particularly vulnerable time for the photocarcinogenic effects of the sun. The negative effects of solar radiation are accumulated during the entire lifetime; however 80% of total lifetime sun exposure is taking place before the age of 18 years. Child skin is more sensitive than adult skin because...

Measuring ultraviolet (UV) exposure in human populations is a complex task. The dominant source of ultraviolet radiation for humans is sunlight, which is always a mix of both ultraviolet A (UVA, usually 320– 400 nm) and ultraviolet B (UVB, 320–280 nm). Ultraviolet C ( 280 nm) is filtered by the atmosphere and does not reach the earth’s surface. Researchers cannot separate the individual effects...

BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and a history of sunburn are important risk factors for skin cancer. Sunburn is more common among men, younger age groups, and people in higher income households. Sun protection measures also vary by sex, age, and socioeconomic characteristics. Associations between ambient UVR and sunburn and sun safety measures have not been quantified. DATA AN...

Background Low vitamin D and/or sun exposure have been associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) onset. However, comparatively, few studies have prospectively examined associations between these factors and clinical course. Objectives To evaluate the association of sun exposure parameters and vitamin D levels with conversion to MS and relapse risk in a prospectively monitored ...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune,  neuro- inflammatory disease  of  central nervous system affecting physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects of patients. association of vitamin d deficiency and ms has been shown in previous studies. the aim of this study was to evaluate serum vitamin d level in ms cases and their sex-matched healthy siblings (who are genetically near simi...

background and objectives: vitamin d deficiency/insufficiency is a global health problem. the importance of this problem is doubled in growing children because of their increased need for skeletal growth. this investigation was performed firstly to assess vitamin d status, and secondly to examine its possible relationship with sex, residing area and duration of sun exposure in 9-12 years old ch...

A systematic revision of the literature was conducted in order to undertake a comprehensive meta-analysis of all published observational studies on melanoma. An extensive analysis of the inconsistencies and variability in the estimates was performed to provide some clues about its Epidemiology. Following a systematic literature search, relative risks (RRs) for sun exposure were extracted from 5...

Distribution of Japanese skin types (JSTs), sun-exposure habits, and sunscreen use were surveyed in 379 new outpatients. The largest number of subjects belonged to JST class J-II (65%), J-I was second (24%), and J-III was third (11%). Eighty-eight percent of those studied had occasional or habitual sun exposure during the summer, and many were exposed for more than three hours per exposure day ...

There is a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency worldwide likely because of both limited sun-exposure and inadequate dietary intake. Meat, including pork, is not typically considered a dietary source of vitamin D, possibly because of management practices that raise pigs in confinement. This experiment determined the vitamin D content of loin and subcutaneous adipose tissue ...