This paper presents a model of a card payment system to address the pricing and rules that govern such systems. It evaluates the social optimality of privately set interchange fees and the adoption of a rule by payment systems to prevent merchants surcharging for card transactions using two extremes of merchant pricing—monopolistic pricing and perfect competition. Both types of merchant pricing...

in this research the mechanical behavior of an expansive soil (with different pore fluid) was investigated under the constant and variable temperature through experimental tests. the soil samples with different pore fluid (distilled water, nacl and cacl2 with concentration of 250 gr/lit) were prepared by static compaction method. experimental testes were conducted in two modified odometer under...

This paper presents a theory of vertical most favored nation clauses (MFNs) and then applies the theory to the credit card industry. A vertical MFN is a restraint that an upstream supplier imposes on a retailer that prevents the retailer from charging more for the supplier’s product than for the products of rival suppliers. In the market for credit card services, this restraint takes the form o...

BACKGROUND The method of characteristics (also called as the slip-line method) is used to calculate the bearing capacity of strip footings on ponderable soil. The soil is assumed to be a rigid plastic that conforms to the Mohr-Coulomb criterion. The solution procedures proposed in this paper is implemented using a finite difference method and suitable for both smooth and rough footings. By acco...