introduction: heavy metals released from stationaryand mobile origins can be transported in water, air and soil and can be even absorbed by plants, animals and human bodies. trace elements are currently of great environmental concern. nowadays, one of the most important environmental problems is pollution of agricultural soils occurs by heavy metals due to human activities. atmospheric subsiden...

In healthy individuals, a DI can reverse (bronchodilation) or prevent (bronchoprotection) induced airway constriction. For individuals with asthma or COPD, these effects may be attenuated or absent. Previous work showed that the size and duration of a DI affected the subsequent response of the airways. Also, increased airway tone lead to increased airway size variability. The present study exam...

This study investigated the variability of the center of pressure (COP) trajectory during voluntary whole-body oscillations. While standing upright on a force platform, eight subjects leaned forward and backward so as to perform reciprocal aiming movements with their COP at a prescribed frequency (F) and amplitude (A) using online visual feedback of their COP location. A total of 25 F-A combina...

As global change induces more and more extreme climate events (Field et al., 2012), temporal variability in precipitation is likely becoming larger than ever. How land ecosystems respond to the stronger temporal variability in precipitation is a new frontier research area for ecologists (Reichstein et al., 2013; Niu et al., 2014). In this issue of New Phytologist Knapp et al. (pp. 41–47) frame ...

Disturbances are expected to increase variability and/or decrease predictability in ecosystems, while dispersal (or immigration) may have positive or negative effects on ecosystem stability. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with pelagic zooplankton to examine the independent and interactive effects of a nutrient pulse and immigration from neighbouring lakes on (a) temporal variation in the me...

In urban areas, hydrological processes are characterized by high variability in space and time, making them sensitive to small-scale temporal and spatial rainfall variability. In the last decades new instruments, techniques, and methods have been developed to capture rainfall and hydrological processes at high resolution. Weather radars have been introduced to estimate high spatial and temporal...

We define a new notion of satisfaction of a temporal logic formula φ by a behavior w. This notion, denoted by (w, t, t′) |= φ, is characterized by two time parameters: the position t from which satisfaction is considered, and the end of the (finite) behavior t′ which indicates how much do we know about the behavior. We define this notion in dense time where φ is a formula in the future fragment...

In this paper we introduce a variant of temporal logic tailored for specifying desired properties of continuous signals. The logic is based on a bounded subset of the real-time logic MITL, augmented with a static mapping from continuous domains into propositions. From formulae in this logic we create automatically property monitors that can check whether a given signal of bounded length and fin...