Computer experiments that mirror the evolutionary dynamics of sexual and asexual organisms as they occur in nature, tested features proposed to explain the evolution of sexual recombination. Results show that this evolution is better described as a network of interactions between possible sexual forms, including diploidy, thelytoky, facultative sex, assortation, bisexuality, and division of lab...

Abstract Cohesion in social insect colonies is maintained by use of chemical signals produced the queen, workers, and brood. In honey bees particular, from queen brood are crucial for regulation reproductive division labor, ensuring that only female individual colony whereas workers remain reproductively sterile. However, even given this strict level control, can, principle, activate their ovar...

trichogramma ingricum sorokina, 1984, an egg parasitoid, only known from russia (st. petersburg), here is newly recorded from northern iranian provinces including west and east azarbaijan and mazandaran. the localities and hosts are as follows: tabriz, on eggs of cydia pomonella (l.); urmia (chubtarash, najafabad-e gharebagh, tasmalu, ghulenji), on eggs of c. pomonella and lobesia botrana den &...

In agriculture, although it is important to identify species of pest insects, the morphological identification is often difficult. DNA genotyping is useful for the identification of species in morphologically indiscriminable species. Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) can be divided into two reproductive forms (arrhenotoky and thelytoky, each of which different in pesticide resistance) but morphological ...