Patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO or thyroid eye disease TED) may present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. As the disease evolves, a myriad of ophthalmic complications may occur that requires the involvement of multiple ophthalmic disciplines. Orthoptists are valuable members of the eye care team who are often called upon to manage the diplopic complaints of these patie...

Thyroid eye disease (also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy) is a complex orbital inflammatory disease, which can be sight threatening, debilitating and disfiguring. This overview discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, presentation, ophthalmic clinical features, investigations and treatment of thyroid eye disease.