BACKGROUND Our studies over recent years have focused on some new ideas concerning the pathogenesis for the orbital reaction that characterizes Graves' ophthalmopathy namely, that there are antigens expressed by thyroid tissue and orbital tissue where they are targeted by autoantibodies and/or sensitized T cells, leading to orbital inflammation. While this has been well studied for the thyroid ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the response rate of hyperthyroidism to radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment, optimum effective dose, effect of pretreatment with thyrostatic medications, etiology, ophthalmopathy, mortality and cancer incidence post RAI treatment. METHODS Retrospective study analysis of 360 patients records who received RAI treatment (dose 5-15 mCi) for hyperthyro...

BACKGROUND Ophthalmopathy is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. However, in approximately 5% of cases this autoimmune eye disorder occurs in the apparent absence of Graves' hyperthyroidism: the so-called euthyroid Graves' disease (EGD). METHODS Seven patients with EGD were followed for evidence of thyroid and orbital autoimmunity, for up to 10 years. Calsequestri...

Objective: Antibodies to eye muscle tissue are demonstrated in hyperthyroid Graves’ disease but their pathognomonic roles have not been clarified yet. We suggest that type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) enzyme can be a target between orbital and thyroid diseases in hyperthyroid Graves’ ophthalmopathy. In this study, the relationship between anti-eye muscle membrane (EyeM) and cytosol (EyeC) IgG, IgA and I...

Thyroid ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune orbital disorder closely associated with Graves’ disease, although both conditions may also occur isolatedly. Thyroid ophthalmopathy may precede, coincide or follow the thyroid dysfunction onset and may rarely occur in euthyroid and hypothyroid patients. The extraocular muscles are most frequently involved and become enlarged resulting in ophthalmoplegia ...

Graves' ophthalmopathy is an debilitating disease impairing the quality of life of affected individuals. Despite recent progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis, treatment is often not satisfactory. In mild cases, local therapeutic measures (artificial tears and ointments, sunglasses, nocturnal taping of the eyes, prisms) can control symptoms and signs. In severe forms of the disease (...

OBJECTIVE Thyroid eye disease (TED), an autoimmune inflammatory process involving the orbital tissues around the eye, is the most common extra-thyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). Due to changes in the patient's appearance, TED is a socially and visually disabling condition with significant impacts on quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess predictors of strabismus, a se...

pretibial myxedema is an uncommon manifestation of graves' disease and because of its rarity, information regarding its natural course and its relationship with other manifestations of graves' disease is not sufficient. we reviewed 150 consecutive cases diagnosed as having pretibial myxedema in a twenty-year period in a tertiary care center. only one patient in this group did not have ophthalmo...

6. Discuss the use of laboratory tests to assess thyroid function in a pregnant GD patient. utoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland are the most common autoimmune diseases in humans, and encompass a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and idiopathic myxedema.1 GD is characterized by the production of a...

Thyroid eye disease (also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy) is a complex orbital inflammatory disease, which can be sight threatening, debilitating and disfiguring. This overview discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, presentation, ophthalmic clinical features, investigations and treatment of thyroid eye disease.