In 2003, organophosphate (Guthion) resistance was surveyed in codling moth from populations throughout Washington State. Populations were collected using pheromone traps during first and second flights from apple and pear and sampled for Guthion resistance using the standard adult topical bioassay. Select populations were also sampled for pyrethroid and chloronicotinyl resistance. All orchards ...

Plant extracts have been considered for the control leaf-cutting ants. The objectives of this study were to evaluate survival worker ants after topical application Ageratum conyzoides (mentrasto) and Manihot esculenta (cassava) extracts; effect hexane extract via ingestion on workers Atta sexdens Forel 1908 isolated or not from their colonies, in order verify whether symbiotic fungus Leucoagari...

A novel, partial life-cycle bioassay using Chironomus tentans in artificial streams was developed for evaluating the effects of metal mine effluent. The utility of this bioassay was compared to an existing beaker life-cycle bioassay under laboratory conditions. Chironomus tentans larvae were exposed to 45% (v/v) treated metal mine effluent from day 11 through hatching of the second generation. ...

Nitric oxide (NO) is an inhibitor of gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Model systems of the gut predict the NO will complex with biological thiol (SH) groups, yielding S-nitrosothiols (RS-NO), which may limit the propensity to form mutagenic nitrosamines. The inhibitory effects of NO and its biologically relevant adducts on sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility have been inferred from animal studies; h...

A filter paper bioassay was developed for testing the efficacy of nematodes and other agents for control of Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae. Surfactants, with and without Steinernema riobravis, were screened first in the filter paper bioassay and then in a potted citrus seedling study. The results of the two assays were in agreement on the relative merits of the compounds tested. Surfactants incre...

niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential applications in the delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. the topical form of n-acetyl glucosamine (nag) recently has been considered in the treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders due to its inhibitory effect on thyrosinase enzymes in melanocytes. to improve nag penetration into the skin we formulated the drug in niosomes...

pterygium is characterized by an elastic degeneration of the conjunctiva that extends across the limbos and invades the cornea. the recurrence rate is varied from 25-80% after primary closure to 6% with free conjunctival and iimbal grafts. several adjunctive therapies have been investigated for recurrent pte¬rygium. this article presents a 52-year-old athletic man who was seen for evaluation of...

Tumor detection can be carried out via the detection of proteins, such as p53, which is known to play vital role in more than 50% of all cancers affecting humans. Early diagnosis of tumor detection can be achieved by decreasing the lower detection limit of p53 bioassays. Microwave-accelerated bioassay (MAB) technique, which is based on the use of circular bioassay platforms in combination with ...

The emergence of antifungal drug-resistance represents a growing threat to public health. New antifungals address this are needed. Among fungal pathogens, infections by drug-resistant Candida species continue pose major challenge healthcare, including in the treatment cutaneous candidiasis. Moreover, newly emerging multidrug-resistant (MDR) auris noted as being extremely virulent with mortality...