In one-component Abelian sandpile models, the toppling probabilities are independent quantities. This is not the case in multicomponent models. The condition of associativity of the underlying Abelian algebras imposes nonlinear relations among the toppling probabilities. These relations are derived for the case of two-component quadratic Abelian algebras. We show that Abelian sandpile models wi...

Toppling is a common deformation and failure phenomenon in the reservoir bank slopes of hydropower projects. This paper studies genesis evolution different toppling bodies during water impoundment at Miaowei Hydropower Station Reservoir on Lancang River southwest China. properties were determined second characteristics analyzed stages. Different degrees primarily affected by transverse bending ...

The Nandongzi landslide occurred in the Yanshan region of North China. From 2017, slope has been significantly deformed after several excavations. Field investigations show that is a special toppling deposit does not have basic conditions. deformation mechanism become difficult issue for engineers, attracting attention scientists. Joint, surface, and borehole lithology surveys revealed surface ...

In this study, we conducted small-scale physical modeling tests to consider the impact of infiltration rainfall in order investigate processes involved wedge slope deformation and failure. The experiments were under controlled conditions intersection angle half-wedge angle. observations obtained during each stage failure used explain how gravity varies on slopes infer influences results indicat...

We study an extension of the chip-firing game. A given set of admissible moves, called Yamanouchi moves, allows the player to pass from a starting configuration α to a further configuration β. This can be encoded via an action of a certain group, the toppling group, associated with each connected graph. This action gives rise to a generalization of Hall-Littlewood symmetric polynomials and a ne...

Foundations may undergo severe distress during an earthquake. One such example of foundation failure involving toppling of apartment blocks due to liquefaction during the 1964 Niigata Earthquake is presented in Figure 1. Earthquake effects on shallow and deep foundations are accounted for by designing them structurally to provide necessary strength and ensure serviceability. Strength considerat...

Abstract The motion of a toppling iPad is analyzed in detail. Measurements angular velocity and linear acceleration were made for about the edges corners. From analysis velocity, position center mass gyration radii determined. accelerometer was measured using both centrifugal Euler acceleration, with latter measurement providing more accurate data. This experiment could be used first year unive...