The two-field !pressure/density" model for the L→H transition is extended and analyzed qualitatively. In its original form the model is ambiguous as to the location of the transition within the range of bistability of particle and thermal fluxes. Here, the model is regularized by including !i" hyperdiffusion, !ii" time dependence, and !iii" curvature of the pressure profile. The regularizations...

[1] Investigations into mechanisms driving surface tectonics commonly search for mantle sources, but few observations constrain flow in the upper mantle and transition zone. Here variations in the upper mantle discontinuities at 410 km and 660 km below the western United States are revealed through mapping depths of compressional-to-shear wave conversions recorded by broadband seismometers. The...

Receiver functions derived from body waves recorded in Iceland and on the Hawaiian Islands reveal a seismic velocity discontinuity at about 1050 km depth beneath the two regions of presumed mantle upwelling. The waveforms of the converted phases from the mid-mantle discontinuity indicate a velocity increase with depth. The lack of consistent scattering found in recent systematic searches for se...

The turnabout and growth mechanisms of the ENSO are diagnostically studied by analyzing the SST budget of the Cane-Zebiak model. The SST change rates, which are directly linked to the phase transition and growth of the ENSO, are attributed to two processes: the anomalous vertical advection of subsurface temperature by the mean upwelling (thermocline feedback), and the zonal advection of the cli...

We study the dynamics of hydration water/protein association in folded proteins using lysozyme and myoglobin as examples. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations are performed to identify underlying mechanisms of the dynamical transition that corresponds to the onset of amplified atomic fluctuations in proteins. The results indicate that the number of water molecules within a cutoff distance o...

Defining the mantle structure that lies beneath hot spots is important for revealing their depth of origin. Three-dimensional images of shear-wave velocity beneath the Hawaiian Islands, obtained from a network of sea-floor and land seismometers, show an upper-mantle low-velocity anomaly that is elongated in the direction of the island chain and surrounded by a parabola-shaped high-velocity anom...

Internal imaging using index matching, and sensitive volume measurement, are used to investigate the spatial order and dynamics of a deep disordered layer of spheres sheared under a fixed load. Shearing triggers a crystallization transition accompanied by a step compaction event. The delay preceding the transition depends strongly on the layer thickness and can require a translation of about 10...

– A phenomenological theory is suggested to explain the experimentally discovered “paramagnetic peculiarity” and the unconventional change of the energetic state of a layers of high Tc of Y-Ba-Cu-O in the vicinity of the phase transition. The physical conditions are found under which these peculiarities are revealed. It is shown that the suggested theory qualitatively describes the experimental...

The stability of superfluid currents in a system of ultracold bosons was studied using a moving optical lattice. Superfluid currents in a very weak lattice become unstable when their momentum exceeds 0.5 recoil momentum. Superfluidity vanishes already for zero momentum as the lattice deep reaches the Mott insulator (MI) phase transition. We study the phase diagram for the disappearance of super...

We investigate the class PBD of π-Calculus processes that are bounded in the function depth. First, we show that boundedness in depth has an intuitive characterisation when we understand processes as graphs: a process is bounded in depth if and only if the length of the simple paths is bounded. The proof is based on a new normal form for the π-Calculus called anchored fragments. Using this conc...