Pathogens often follow more than one transmission route during outbreaks-from needle sharing plus sexual transmission of HIV to small droplet aerosol plus fomite transmission of influenza. Thus, controlling an infectious disease outbreak often requires characterizing the risk associated with multiple mechanisms of transmission. For example, during the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, weighi...

Standardization of high voltage electric transmission line siting methodologies, by using GIS spatial analysis tools, has great potential in helping predict and defend new optimal route corridors. A standard methodology that incorporates multiple weighted perspectives of influence can aid in the route approval by the governmental and regulating permitting entities and the support of the affecte...

Low power and limited processing are characteristics of nodes in Wireless sensor networks. Therefore, optimal consumption of energy for WSN protocols seems essential. In a number of WSN applications, sensor nodes sense data periodically from environment and transfer it to the sink. Because of limitation in energy and selection of best route, for the purpose of increasing network remaining energ...

Influenza can be transmitted through respirable (small airborne particles), inspirable (intermediate size), direct-droplet-spray, and contact modes. How these modes are affected by features of the virus strain (infectivity, survivability, transferability, or shedding profiles), host population (behavior, susceptibility, or shedding profiles), and environment (host density, surface area to volum...

One of the key issues in the study of multiple route protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is how to select routes to the packet transmission destination. There are currently two route selection methods: primary routing policy and load-balancing policy. Many ad hoc routing protocols are based on primary (fastest or shortest but busiest) routing policy from the self-standpoint of traffic ...

Securing the confidential data transferred via wireless network remains a challenging problem. It is paramount to ensure that data are accessible only by the legitimate users rather than by the attackers. One of the most serious threats to organization is jamming, which disrupts the communication between any two pairs of nodes. Therefore, designing an attack-defending scheme without any packet ...

background hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. the role of intra familial hcv transmission is still controversial. the aim of the present study is to determine intra familial transmission (sexual and non sexual contacts) of hcv in a group of iranian population. patients and methods in this historical cohort study, 270 first degree relatives of hepatitis ...

─ Node-disjoint routing in MANETs is very essential to reduce the end-to-end packet delay and increase the packet delivery ratio. AODV (Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector) which is widely used for MANETs creates single-path route between a pair of source and destination nodes. Node disjoint paths may have worst performance then single path if they interfere with each other due to the br...