In the literature, transport networks are usually treated as homogeneous networks, that is, every node has the same function, simultaneously providing and requiring resources. However, some real networks, such as power grids and supply chain networks, show a far different scenario in which nodes are classified into two categories: supply nodes provide some kinds of services, while demand nodes ...

Demand is frequently found to react differently price increases than decreases. This finding usually attributed psychological phenomena such as loss aversion or the different pace with which changes become known potential buyers leading a kinked demand curve. kink often invoked in explaining why prices are sticky, especially downward direction. We analyse presence of and causes for asymmetric e...

The paper discusses requirements for freight modelling and presents specific approaches concerning freight surveys, demand and network modelling, rail freight optimisation and freight assignment including: • Surveying methods for collecting road based demand data. • WIVER/VISEVA: a demand modelling system for urban and regional commercial transport. • SPIN: a multimodal network model for interm...

One of the core concepts in transport and economic geography states that transportation is a derived demand, both for passengers and freight transport alike. This assumption is reflected in the conventional literature which underlines that transport exists because it is the expression of a spatially differentiated function of supply and demand and is thus considered to be “derived” from other a...