At its core, genetics is a historical discipline. Mutations are passed on from generation to generation and accumulate as a result of chance as well as of selection within and between populations and species. However, until recently, geneticists were confined to the study of present-day genetic variation and could only indirectly make inferences about the historical processes that resulted in t...

For example, if someone is in the central business district of a large city, it might be cheapest to walk to a given destination. However, if the traveler has a particularly high value of travel time, the person might elect to pay for a ride to get to his or her destination faster. Similarly, a person driving a car might be faced with the choice between sitting in congestion or electing to pay ...

We describe a system called Olive that freezes and precisely reproduces the environment necessary to execute software long after its creation. It uses virtual machine (VM) technology to encapsulate legacy software, complete with all its software dependencies. This legacy world can be completely closed-source: there is no requirement for availability of source code, nor a requirement for recompi...

The quantum teleportation protocol can be used to probabilistically simulate a quantum circuit with backward-in-time connections. This allows us to analyze some conceptual problems of time travel in the context of physically realizable situations, to realize encrypted measurements of future states for which the decryption key becomes available only after the state is created, and to probabilist...

Introduction: Travel health centers offer very important health services for individuals traveling abroad. Little is known about the health status and knowledge of travel health, travel-related diseases, and vaccinations of individuals who travel abroad and visit travel health centers. This research studied travelers who visited a travel health center in order to evaluate their...

Rapid urban growth is resulting into increase in travel demand and private vehicle ownership in urban areas. In the present scenario the existing infrastructure has failed to match the demand that leads to traffic congestion, vehicular pollution and accidents. With traffic congestion augmentation on the road, delay of commuters has increased and reliability of road network has decreased. Four s...