Quantum tunnelling becomes inevitable as gap dimensions in metal structures approach the atomic length scale, and light passing through these gaps can be used to examine the quantum processes at optical frequencies. Here, we report on the measurement of the tunnelling current through a 3-Å-wide metal-graphene-metal gap using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. By analysing the waveforms of the ...

As the ultimate miniaturization of semiconductor devices approaches, it is imperative that the effects of single dopants be clarified. Beyond providing insight into functions and limitations of conventional devices, such information enables identification of new device concepts. Investigating single dopants requires sub-nanometre spatial resolution, making scanning tunnelling microscopy an idea...

In this paper, we extend Parikh’ work to the non-stationary black hole. As an example of the non-stationary black hole, we study the tunnelling effect and Hawking radiation from a Vaidya black hole whose Bondi mass is identical to its mass parameter. We view Hawking radiation as a tunnelling process across the event horizon and calculate the tunnelling probability. We find that the result is di...

Tunnelling between different topological sectors with dynamical chiral fermions is difficult because of a poor mass scaling of the pseudo-fermion estimate of the determinant. For small fermion masses it is virtually impossible using standard methods. However, by projecting out the small Wilson eigenvectors from the overlap operator, and treating the correction determinant exactly, we can signif...

TerraSAR-X satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) scenes have been analysed using Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) approach to monitor a tunnelling process in Düsseldorf, Germany. The aim of this work is to detect the deformation of ground surface and structures above the tunnelling line during the tunnel excavation. In this study, 5 the PSI approach integrated in the open source softw...

BACKGROUND Highly ordered three-dimensional colloidal crystals (supracrystals) comprised of 7.4 nm diameter Au nanocrystals (with a 5% size dispersion) have been imaged and analysed using a combination of scanning tunnelling microscopy and dynamic force microscopy. RESULTS By exploring the evolution of both the force and tunnel current with respect to tip-sample separation, we arrive at the s...

Tunnelling currents through tunnelling junctions comprising molecules with cross-conjugation are markedly lower than for their linearly conjugated analogues. This effect has been shown experimentally and theoretically to arise from destructive quantum interference, which is understood to be an intrinsic, electronic property of molecules. Here we show experimental evidence of conformation-driven...

– Precise magnetic-hysteresis measurements of small single crystals of Mn12 acetate of spin 10 have been conducted down to 0.4 K using a high-sensitivity Hall magnetometer. At higher temperature (> 1.6 K) step-like changes in magnetization are observed at regularly spaced magnetic-field intervals, as previously reported. However, on lowering the temperature the steps in magnetization shift to h...

Shot noise suppression below 1/2 of the full Poisson value in double barrier resonant diodes is confirmed to be a signature of coherent rather than sequential tunnelling transport. We reply to the arguments of the previous comment which dispute the above claim. We anticipate the development of a rigorous theory that improves previous approaches without contradicting the essential findings we re...

The conventional MOSFETs are likely to reach scaling limitations at gate lengths between 15 and 10nm. The double-gate MOSFET architecture is a promising candidate for scaling to 10nm and below in line with the requirements of the International Technology Roadmap. However, it is expected that direct source-drain tunnelling would be a major limiting factor in the double-gate device. In this paper...