Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films (CIGS) on metallic substrate (titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, stainless steel) were prepared by a two-step selenization of Co-evaporated metallic precursors in Se-containing environment under N2 gas flow. Structural properties of prepared thin film were studied. To characterize the optical quality and intrinsic defect nature low-temperature photoluminescence, were perfor...

  Multistage process monitoring has recently attracted notable attention in that the statistical relationships between quality variables are taken into account. Here, we dealt with the problem of monitoring and diagnosing a two-stage production process with attribute characteristics in which the outgoing quality variable is impacted by the incoming quality variable from the first process stage....

This article introduces a novel conceptualization of democratic resilience - two-stage process where democracies avoid declines altogether or avert breakdown given that such autocratization is ongoing. Drawing on the Episodes Regime Transformation (ERT) dataset, we find have had high level to onset since 1900. Nevertheless, has become substantially weaker end Cold War. Fifty-nine episodes susta...