in this research we work with the effective hamiltonian and the quark model. we investigate the decay rates of matter-antimatter of quark. we describe the effective hamiltonian theory and apply this theory to the calculation of current-current ( ), qcd penguin ( ), magnetic dipole ( ) and electroweak penguin ( ) decay rates. the gluonic penguin structure of hadronic decays is studied through th...

Context. It is unclear why there a rather sharp boundary in sunspots between the umbra and penumbra. Both regions exhibit magnetoconvection, which manifests penumbral filaments penumbra umbral dots umbra. Aims. Here we compare physical properties of filaments. Our goal to understand how these convective features change across this related rapid increase brightness at umbra-penumbra boundary. Me...

Image segmentation involves calculating the position of object boundaries. For scene analysis, the intent is to di erentiate objects from clutter by means of preprocessing. The objective of this paper is to examine and discuss two morphological techniques for preprocessing and segmenting range images. A MorphologicalWatershed Algorithm has been studied in detail for segmenting range images. Thi...

High-resolution imaging observations from the Hinode spacecraft in the Ca II H line are employed to study the dynamics of the chromosphere above a sunspot. We find that umbral flashes and other brightenings produced by the oscillation are extremely rich in fine structure, even beyond the resolving limit of our observations (0.22”). The umbra is tremendously dynamic, to the point that our time c...

The Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) aboardHINODE successfully and continuously observed a formation process of a light bridge in a matured sunspot of the NOAA active region 10923 for several days with high spatial resolution. During its formation, many umbral dots were observed emerging from the leading edges of penumbral filaments, and intruding into the umbra rapidly. The precursor of the light...

The active region, AR0554, was observed with NIS/CDS on board SoHO to examine the extent and range of oscillations from a range of features. Among all the NIS spectral lines analysed, significant oscillations were found in Si xii 520 Å, Mg x 625 Å, O v 629 Å, and He i 522 Å. The periods of the strongest oscillations in these lines were ≈ 10–20 min. After the dominant 10–20 min oscillations were...

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures ◭ ◮ ◭ ◮ Back Close Full Screen / Esc Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures ◭ ◮ ◭ ◮ Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion EGU Abstract A solar eclipse is a rare but spectacular natural phenomenon and furthermore it is a challenge for radiative transfer modeling. Whereas a simple one-di...

The conjecture that energy transport in sunspot penumbrae occurs through convection by an interchange of magnetic flux tubes is used in order to construct a magnetostatic model for a deep penumbra which is part of a global sunspot model. The model describes an overall mechanical equilibrium between the three stratifications: of the umbra, the penumbra, and of the solar convection zone, all of t...

a graph that contains a hamiltonian cycle is called a hamiltonian graph. in this paper wecompute the first and the second geometric – arithmetic indices of hamiltonian graphs. thenwe apply our results to obtain some bounds for fullerene.