Some scholars have hypothesized that writing style, the special language of writing, is acquired, or subconsciously absorbed, through reading (Krashen, 1984, 2004; Smith, 1988, 2004). The language of writing, it is argued, is too complex to be consciously learned, and there are compelling case histories of those who developed high levels of competence in the written language through reading alo...

Extensive reading (ER) is an effective way to provide large amounts of comprehensible input to foreign language learners, but many teachers and administrators remain unconvinced, and it has been argued that there is still insufficient evidence to support the claims that have been made regarding its benefits. Few studies have looked at ER’s effect on reading fluency. This article reports on an i...

Foreign Language Reading Anxiety (FLRA), distinguished as a distinct phenomenon from general language anxiety, has been shown to have a negative impact on reading comprehension skill especially for less proficient EFL learners. FLRA is believed to originate from "unfamiliar writing system" or learners' difficulty in pronouncing words and sentences (Saito, Graza, & Horwitz, 1999). Slow or word b...

The importance of fostering reading motivation among English as a Second Language (ESL) learners cannot be overstated, it plays pivotal role in language acquisition, vocabulary development, and overall proficiency. This literature review aims to explore the effectiveness extensive (ER) powerful tool promote ESL learners. research delves into various aspects related topic, such significance an i...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Because neck recurrence after endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) is not uncommon, surveillance to assess long-term stability of occlusion is clearly important. This study evaluated unenhanced and contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) in detecting refilling of IAs treated with detachable coils. METHODS Patients with coile...