Respiratory infections have been implicated in the origin and exacerbation of asthma in a variety of ways; however, systemisation of this knowledge in a way helpful for disease management remains suboptimal. Several conceptual issues need to be taken into account: the fact that the effects of an infection may vary according to genetic background, the current immune status of the host, and paral...

Both allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are inflammatory diseases in the respiratory tract. The upper and lower airways share many anatomical, physiological, and histological properties. A close relationship between allergic rhinitis and asthma has been established, and the “united airway disease hypothesis” proposes that upper and lower airway diseases are both manifestations of a single i...

In this nested case-control study in a populationrepresentative medical records database from the United Kingdom, children with newly diagnosed juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) were compared with ageand gender-matched control subjects randomly selected from general practices containing at least one case, excluding those with inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, or other systemic rhe...

Epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical evidences recently revealed the link between upper and lower airways, changing the global pathogenic view of respiratory allergy. The aim of this review is to highlight the strong interaction between the upper and lower respiratory tract diseases, in particular allergic rhinitis and asthma.

The upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx with subglottic area of trachea. In the normal circumstances, air enters the respiratory system through nostrils where it is filtered, humidified, and warmed inside the nasal cavity. Conditioned air passes through pharynx, larynx, and trachea and then enters in lower respiratory system. Dysfunction of any part of ...

background : to assess the practicability of a new algorithm in decreasing the rate of incorrect diagnoses and inappropriate antibiotic usage in pediatric acute respiratory tract infection (arti ( methods : children between 1 month to15 years brought to outpatient clinics of a children’s hospital with acute respiratory symptoms were managed according to the steps recommended in the algorithm . ...

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a general term for a heterogeneous group of illnesses caused by numerous etiologic agents that affect the mucosal lining of the upper respiratory tract, including the middle-ear cavity and paranasal sinuses. URIs are primarily caused by viruses, rhinoviruses being the most common etiological agents. Respiratory viruses transmit easily via direct contac...

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are common respiratory pathogens associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections, but also increasingly recognized in the aetiology of severe lower respiratory tract disease. Wider use of molecular diagnostics has led to a recent reappraisal of HRV genetic diversity, including the discovery of HRV species C (HRV-C), which is refractory to traditional virus isol...