OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine regional urban-rural differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease, including sudden death of unknown cause (IHD/SUD) in Norway from 1966-89, for men and women aged 30-69 years. DESIGN Analysis was based on vital statistics. Regional mortality rates were obtained by aggregating the 443 municipalities in Norway into urban, rural, and intermediate m...

The theoretical framework of urban and regional economics is built on transportation costs for manufactured goods. But over the twentieth century, the costs of moving these goods have declined by over 90% in real terms, and there is little reason to doubt that this decline will continue. Moreover, technological change has eliminated the importance of fixed infrastructure transport (rail and wat...

ethiopia's childhood mortality has continued to decline although at a swift pace. the drop in urban childhood mortality decline, duration of breastfeeding is the principle reason for the overall decline in mortality trends in ethiopia.  data from the ethiopian demographic and health surveys 2000 and 2005 were used. indirect estimation of brass and trussell's methods were adopted. selected demog...

BACKGROUND Residential status has been linked to numerous determinants of health and well-being. However, the influence of residential status on cognitive decline remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to assess the changes of cognitive function among older adults with different residential status (urban residents, rural-to-urban residents, rural residents, and urban-to-rural residen...

Current situation in urban areas could be described by the cycle of urban decline. The choice of travelling by car produces more traffic jams, thus reducing the efficiency of public transport and the quality of live in urban districts by increasing pollution and accidents levels. Firms decide to move out to suburban areas where the provision of public transport is very low, and again people dec...

Although the starling has the capacity for explosive population growth, its population in Britain has declined by two-thirds over the last 40 years. Here we summarize a major study (Crick et al., 2002) which investigates the reasons for this. The starling is commonest in urban and farmland habitats, though density in the latter is much lower; the total breeding population is estimated at 9 mill...

An urban growth model using stochastic cellular simulation was developed with motivation to understand the consequence of zone management policies in lowland cities. The model could integrate the growth, decline, spread, intensification, and protected areas of the urban growth into a single generalization of both the Eden and the p-models. Calibration strategy was demonstrated using historical ...

A preliminary foray into recent research on physical environmental conditions in Kota Ambon, reveals disturbing trends of ecosystem degradation and decline in quality of life for urban residents. Rapid population growth and urbanization activities have taken a massive toll on Ambon’s coastal environment, and in turn, environmental degradation is progressively undermining the quality of life of ...