Urban rail is widely considered to be a form of low-carbon green transportation, but there is a lack of specific quantitative research to support this. By comparing the mode, distance, and corresponding energy consumption of residents before and after the opening of rail transit, this paper establishes a carbon reduction method for rail transit. A measurement model takes the passenger carbon em...

[1] This study investigates how increasing city size affects local weather modification potential using an innovative new method: the real atmosphere, idealized land-surface (RAIL) method. The RAIL method simplifies the land surface by making a flat, homogeneous land surface for a control simulation. Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, an instance of weak linear convection was simul...

The paper discusses requirements for freight modelling and presents specific approaches concerning freight surveys, demand and network modelling, rail freight optimisation and freight assignment including: • Surveying methods for collecting road based demand data. • WIVER/VISEVA: a demand modelling system for urban and regional commercial transport. • SPIN: a multimodal network model for interm...

A three-staged least squares translog cost function is estimated for 13 heavy-rail and nine light-rail United States urban mass transit systems for the period 1985-1991. Firm output is taken to be endogenous. Large economies of density are found in operating costs. These economies become even more substantial when the cost of way and structure maintenance and capital costs are incorporated. How...

Cost-effective public transit options suitable for serving all demand levels include: bus service in mixed traffic, bus service in reserved lane, transitway/buswdy, light rail transit (LRT) (segregated right of way), intermediate capacity advanced light rail transit (ALRT), and heavy rail rapid transit. This classification of transit options takes into account right-of-way access (that is, mixe...

Urban transportation has become a planner's quagmire in a war that seemingly cannot be won. America's highways are jammed at rush hour, causing infuriating delays. Bus service, never fast, has deteriorated over the years, while fares have risen. Pressures to expand rail service to outlying areas remain strong, even though current rail operations cannot attract enough riders to cover more than a...

OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of an advanced practice nurse (APN) intervention on restrictive side rail usage in four nursing homes and with a sample of 251 residents. A secondary question explored the association between restrictive side rail reduction and bed-related falls. DESIGN Pre- and posttest design. SETTING Four urban nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS All nursing home residents pres...

Rail corrugation is a phenomenon that leads to a waving in the rails with wavelengths typically between 3 cm and 100 cm and amplitude levels of several microns. The genesis of this waving is complex. Rail corrugation is a recognized problem that leads to excess vibration on the rails and vehicles to a point of reducing their life span and compromising safety. In urban areas excess vibration noi...

The objective of this study was to make a comparative evaluation of mainline and sub-urban rail vehicles in terms of ergonomic variables of Safety and Comfort. As an end result the objectives were also to make recommendations for the rail vehicle manufacturers industry for future vehicle design. The results of the evaluation allowed us to draw some conclusions and recommendations about future r...

Exposure to airborne pollution has substantial adverse health consequences. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) study has estimated that urban air pollution accounts for 6.4 million years of life lost worldwide annually (Cohen et al. 2004). Many harmful pollutants are emitted by automobiles. For example, Currie and Walker (2011) estimate that prenatal exposure to traffic congestion alone r...