Urine has evolved as one of the most important biofluids in clinical proteomics due to its noninvasive sampling and its stability. Yet, it is used in clinical diagnostics of several disorders by detecting changes in its components including urinary protein/polypeptide profile. Despite the fact that majority of proteins detected in urine are primarily originated from the urogenital (UG) tract, d...

In the normal mouse embryo, Bmp4 is expressed in mesenchymal cells surrounding the Wolffian duct (WD) and ureter stalk, whereas bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor genes are transcribed either ubiquitously (Alk3) or exclusively in the WD and ureter epithelium (Alk6). Bmp4 heterozygous null mutant mice display, with high penetrance, abnormalities that mimic human congenital anomalie...

A double J stent has been used widely these days for patients with a ureteral stenosis or with renal stones and lithotripsy. The stent has multiple side holes in the shaft, which supply detours for urine flow. Even though medical companies produce various forms of double J stents that have different numbers and positions of side holes in the stent, the function of side holes in fluid dynamics h...

Background: Ileal ureter replacement is a selective technique for ureteral reconstruction without being limited by the defect length. This study aim to present the techniques, experiences, and outcomes related to ileal ureter replacement among patients in a multicenter in China. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study of patients with long ureteral defects who underwent ileal ureter replacem...

There are occasional reports of using the appendix to replace sections of the ureters, and to our knowledge, only a couple of them were in the left side. We used the appendix as a ureteral substitute in two cases in technically difficult parts, the upper left ureter and the first part of the right ureter. Follow-ups of8 years and 6 months in right and left side cases, respectively, are imp...

Received October 2007 Accepted March 2008 INTRODUCTION Boari flap construction and ureteroneocystostomy is an appropriate technique for repairing the injuries in the distal ureter that result in shortening of the ureter.(1) We report the use of laparoscopic distal ureterectomy consisting resection of the bladder cuff and Boari flap construction in a patient with low-grade transitional cell carc...