The fast development of smart-grid technologies and applications calls for new means to meet the transportation and environment requirements of the next trend of mainstream vehicles. Electric vehicle (EV), which has been regarded as an important replacement for present gasoline-based vehicle, is expected to greatly reduce the carbon emissions meanwhile offer acceptable transportation ability. H...

In this paper, we study a rich vehicle routing problem incorporating various complexities found in real-life applications. The General Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) is a combined load acceptance and generalised vehicle routing problem. Among the real-life requirements are time window restrictions, a heterogeneous vehicle fleet with different travel times, travel costs and capacity, multi-dimen...

Vehicle routing problems are well-known combinational optimization problems with considerable economic significance. Considering the vehicle routing problem with limited capacity on tree is a problem that often naturally arises in railway, river, and rural road networks. In this paper, we describe an artificial immune system that is distributed, robust, dynamic, diverse and adaptive. It capture...

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Stochastic Demands (VRPSD) is a variation of the classical Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) in which the demand of each customer is modeled as a random variable and its realization is only known upon vehicle arrival to the customer site. Under this uncertain scenario, a possible outcome is that the demand of a customer ends up exceeding the remaining c...

A structural model is provided for traffic assignment to a transit model. It deals with a hierarchy of layers from passenger to network passing by vehicle, service route and line, while taking advantage of the spatial structure of service routes and lines. A range of capacity effects are addressed: in-vehicle passenger capacity, access-egress capacity in relation to dwelling time, platform occu...

This paper investigates the feasibility of a self-organizing, completely distributed traffic information system based upon vehicle-to-vehicle communication technologies. Unlike centralized traffic information systems, the proposed system does not need public infrastructure investment as a prerequisite for implementation. Due to the complexity of the proposed system, simulation is selected as th...

Objective(s): We examined the effects of endurance exercise in the presence of Bunium persicum extract administration on lipid profile and cardiorespiratory capacity in hypercholesterolemic male mice. Materials and Methods: Forty male hypercholesterolemic mice were divided into four groups: Vehicle, Endurance exercise (EE), Bunium persicum extract (BPE), and EE + BPE. The exercise protocol was ...

In this paper we consider a rich vehicle routing problem where transportation requests are characterised by multiple pickup and delivery locations. The problem is a combined load acceptance and generalised vehicle routing problem incorporating a diversity of practical complexities. Among those are time window restrictions, a heterogeneous vehicle fleet with different travel times, travel costs ...

In the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows, a set of customers are served by a eet of vehicles of limited capacity, initially located at a central depot. Each customer provides a period of time in which they require service, which may consist of repair work or loading/unloading the vehicle. The objective is to nd tours for the vehicles, such that each customer is served in its time window...