This study sought to examine instructor immediacy and presence in an online learning environment in relation to student affective learning, cognition, and motivation. It found a statistically significant positive relationship between instructor immediacy and presence. It also found that the linear combination of instructor immediacy and presence is a statistically significant predictor of stude...

Current research has explored the impact of instructional immediacy, defined as those behaviors that help build close relationships or feelings of closeness, both on cognition and motivation in the traditional classroom and online classroom; however, online courses continue to suffer from higher dropout rates. Based on Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, four primary relationships or inte...

Background Though pedagogical artificial agents are expected to play a crucial role in the years come, earlier studies provide inconsistent results regarding their effect on learning. This might be because potential for exhibiting subtle nonverbal behaviours we know from human teachers has been untapped. What is more, there little evidence of processes underlying (either or artificial) learning...

Immediacy was examined in a 17-session case of brief therapy with a bright, articulate, inner-city, African American female client seeing an interpersonally oriented, White, male therapist. The main types of therapist immediacy were reinforcing the client for in-session behavior, inviting the client to collaborate, inquiring about client reactions to therapy, and reminding the client that it wa...

This paper models transaction costs as the rents that a monopolistic market maker extracts from impatient investors who trade via limit orders. We show that limit orders are American options. The limit prices inducing immediate execution of the order are functionally equivalent to bid and ask prices and can be solved for various transaction sizes to characterize the market maker’s entire supply...

(A case study discussion on the role of localized nature of a mobile gaming and new haptic vocabularies).

Uncertainty reduction underlies relational development, i.e., relationships develop as we learn more about each other. The present study examines ethnic differences in the uses of interactive uncertainty reduction communication--selfdisclosure, interrogative strategies, non-verbal immediacy, and other's self-disclosure-and their inter-relationships with attributional confidence (uncertainty red...

Eight pigeons responded in a three-component concurrent-chains procedure, with either independent or dependent initial links. Relative probability and immediacy of reinforcement in the terminal links were both varied, and outcomes on individual trials (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) were either signaled or unsignaled. Terminal-link fixed-time schedules were varied across components within c...