The Wnt signaling pathway is of central importance in embryogenesis, development and adult tissue homeostasis, and dysregulation of this pathway is associated with cancer and other diseases. Despite the developmental and potential therapeutic significance of this pathway, many aspects of Wnt signaling, including the control of the master transcriptional co-activator β-catenin, remain poorly und...

6 Group A rotavirus is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhoea in 7 human infants and newborn animals. Rotavirus virions are triple layered particles. The 8 outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 are highly variable and represent the major 9 neutralizing antigens. The inner capsid protein VP6 is conserved among group A 10 rotavirus, is highly immunogenic and is the target antigen of most i...

Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments have significantly changed the outcome of cancer in the clinic, effectively inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, triggering antibody-dependent immune effector cell activation and complement mediated cell death. Along with a continued expansion in number, diversity, and complexity of validated tumor targets there is an increasing focus on engineering rec...

Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, but no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are available. Llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (also called VHH) are small, recombinant monoclonal antibodies of 15 kDa with several advantages over conventional antibodies. The aim of this study was to generate recombinant monoclonal VHH specific for the two major norovirus (NoV) genogrou...

Genetically encoded fluorescent antibodies are desirable for many applications in biotechnology and proteomics. However, the efficient production of single chain antibodies fused to fluorescent proteins like green fluorescent protein is still a major challenge. This is due to the opposite redox requirements of recombinant antibodies and fluorescent proteins for proper folding. To overcome this ...

Vγ9Vδ2-T cells constitute the predominant subset of γδ-T cells in human peripheral blood and have been shown to play an important role in antimicrobial and antitumor immune responses. Several efforts have been initiated to exploit these cells for cancer immunotherapy, e.g. by using phosphoantigens, adoptive cell transfer, and by a bispecific monoclonal antibody based approach. Here, we report t...

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a ubiquitous flame retardant. A high-throughput immunoassay would allow for monitoring of human and environmental exposures as a part of risk assessment. Naturally occurring antibodies in camelids that are devoid of light chain, show great promise as an efficient tool in monitoring environmental contaminants, but they have been rarely used for small molecules. A...

BACKGROUND Newcastle disease (ND), which is caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important avian diseases in poultry. Since its discovery in 1926, ND has caused great economic losses to the world poultry industry and remains a threat to chickens and wild birds. Although a stringent vaccination policy is widely adopted to control ND, ND outbreaks still occur, and virul...

This study investigated the in vivo properties of two heavy chain antibody fragments (VHH), ni3A and pa2H, to differentially detect vascular or parenchymal amyloid-b deposits characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Blood clearance and biodistribution including brain uptake were assessed by bolus injection of radiolabeled VHH in APP/PS1 mice or wildtype littermate...

Abstract TRAP-transporters are widespread in bacteria and archaea often responsible for the transport of nutrients or virulence factors pathogens. They consist three domains, a substrate-binding protein two membrane domains. Using cryo-EM, we have determined structure revealing monomeric elevator architecture. Further studies gave insights into interaction between domains how they can be specif...