intravitreal injection is the most common approach for drug delivery to the posterior segment in humans. however, following the injection, drugs are rapidly eliminated from the vitreous, with half-lives up to a few days. depending on the rate of clearance from the vitreous, large boluses and frequent administrations may be required to ensure therapeutic levels over an extended period of time. m...

objective (s): transdermal preparations for testosterone are becoming popular because of their unique advantages such as avoidance of first-pass effect, convenience, improved bioavailability, and reduction of systemic side effects. a novel testosterone transdermal delivery system (tdds) was developed using a palm oil base called hamintm (a commercial product) and tested using in vitro and in vi...

DNA based transposon vectors offer a mechanism for non-viral gene delivery into mamma‐ lian and human cells. These vectors work via a cut-and-paste mechanim whereby transpo‐ son DNA containing a transgene(s) of interest is integrated into chromosomal DNA by a transposase enzyme. The first DNA based transposon system which worked efficienty in human cells was sleeping beauty. This was followed a...

Gene delivery systems can be divided to two major types: vector-based (either viral vector or non-viral vector) and physical delivery technologies. Many physical carriers, such as electroporation, gene gun, ultrasound start to be proved to have the potential to enable gene therapy. A relatively new physical delivery technology for gene delivery consists of microneedles (MNs), which has been stu...

Chapter 1 describes the barriers that have hindered the effective use of gene delivery and a literature review of methods designed to overcome those barriers. Areas of gene delivery that will be discussed include viral, physical, and non-viral methods of gene delivery. A special focus will be on methods to target gene delivery vehicles and more specifically the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) t...