Vpx facilitates HIV-2 nuclear localization by a poorly understood mechanism. We have compared Vpx to an NMR structure HIV-1 Vpr in a central helical domain and probed regions of Vpx by insertional mutagenesis. A predicted loop between helices two and three appears to be unique, overlapping with a known novel nuclear localization signal. Overall, Vpx was found to be surprisingly flexible, tolera...

Human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV/SIVs) carry a unique set of accessory proteins that enhance virus replication in an optimized manner. These viral proteins specific to HIV/SIVs are designated Vif, Vpx, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef, and are functional in certain cell types (Malim and Emerman, 2008; Fujita et al., 2010). While viruses of the HIV-1 group do not encode Vpx, the other HIV-2/SIVs ...

VXS and VPX are emerging industry standards for embedded computing applications. Each has its own strengths, but both are based on standardized highperformance serial switched fabrics. Initial VXS and VPX products are targeted at performance-driven DSP and multiprocessing applications, having lots of digital signal processors, FPGAs, multicore, and/ or Cell processors. These boards also often s...

SAMHD1 restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in myeloid cells and CD4+ T cells, while Vpx can mediate SAMHD1 degradation to promote HIV-1 replication. Although the restriction mechanisms of SAMHD1 have been well-described, SAMHD1 expression and Vpx-mediated SAMHD1 degradation during chronic HIV-1 infection were poorly understood. Flow cytometric analysis was used to ...

BACKGROUND The usual management of ventilator-associated pneumothorax (VPX) is tube thoracostomy. However, this recommendation is based on tradition rather than on solid evidence. Although it has been applied successfully to other types of pneumothoraces, observation has not been used in the management of VPX. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated whether observation is a valid treatment ...

In clinical practice, noninvasive classification of ventricular preexcitation (VPX) is usually done with ECG algorithms, which provide only a qualitative localization of accessory pathways. Since 1984, single or multichannel magnetocardiography (MMCG) has been used for three-dimensional localization of VPX sites, but a systematic study comparing the results of ECG and MMCG methods was lacking. ...

Primate lentivirus (HIV and SIV) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kDa proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. Members of the HIV-2/SIVmac/SIVsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called Vpx. Vpx and HIV Vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participati...

The efficiency of reverse transcription to synthesize viral DNA in infected cells greatly influences replication kinetics of retroviruses. However, viral replication in non-dividing cells such as resting T cells and terminally differentiated macrophages is potently and kinetically restricted by a host antiviral factor designated SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1). S...

For nearly 20 years, the principal biological function of the HIV-2/SIV Vpx gene has been thought to be required for optimal virus replication in myeloid cells. Mechanistically, this Vpx activity was recently reported to involve the degradation of Sterile Alpha Motif and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) in this cell lineage. Here we show that when macaques were inoculated with either the...

Virus-host interactions play vital roles in viral replication and virus-induced pathogenesis. Viruses rely entirely upon host cells to reproduce progeny viruses; however, host factors positively or negatively regulate virus replication by interacting with viral proteins. The elucidation of virus-host protein interaction not only provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by whi...