Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan of public health interest that causes gastroenteritis in humans and other animals. In the city of Campinas in southeast Brazil, giardiasis is endemic, and this pathogen is detected at high concentrations in wastewater effluents, which are potential reservoirs for transmission. The Samambaia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the city of Campinas employs an ac...

This paper provides an overview of the Special Issue on Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future. The papers selected for publication include advanced wastewater treatment and monitoring technologies, such as membrane bioreactors, electrochemical systems; denitrifying biofilters, and disinfection technologies. The Issue also contains articles related to best management practice...

Waste stabilisation ponds (WSP) are efficient, cost-effective methods of treating wastewater in rural and remote communities in Australia. It is recognised that sunlight plays a significant role in their disinfection, however, due to the poor penetration of light in turbid waters it has been hypothesised that other mechanisms may also contribute to disinfection in WSPs. To date, studies have re...

The aim of this paper is to review the research progress of using ferrate(VI) in following fields of environmental remediation: (1) water disinfection; (2) degradation of synthetic organic pollutants; (3) treatment of emerging organic pollutants; (4) oxidation of inorganic pollutants; (5) removing humic substance; (6) wastewater treatment and disinfection; and (7) sewage sludge treatment. Whils...

The objective of this manuscript was to assess the toxicity formation on biological treated wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, after a chlorination-dechlorination disinfection process. Water was monitored by means of physicochemical and ecotoxicological parameters, with the use of Vibrio fischeri bioassay. Since a dechlorination process removed residual chlorine, the positi...

Nitrogen often is the limiting nutrient for the growth of algae and phytoplankton in estuaries and surface waters in California. To control cultural eutrophication (i.e., excessive growth of algae and plankton related to anthropogenic sources) regulatory agencies often focus on the control of point source discharges, including municipal wastewater effluent. Recent attempts to control cultural e...

We examined the effects of chlorine disinfection on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in secondary-treated wastewater to determine whether such treatment might induce these bacteria into the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. In this state, cells lose culturability but retain viability and the potential to revert to the metabolically active and infectious state. To examine the eff...

Previous studies modeled NDMA formation during chlorine disinfection as arising from the oxidation of an unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine intermediate formed from the reaction of monochloramine and dimethylamine. However, chlorination of wastewater effluents indicated that this mechanism could not account for a significant portion of the observed NDMA formation. Laboratory studies indicated that...

The operation of a health care facility, such as a cholera or Ebola treatment center in an emergency setting, results in the production of pathogen-laden wastewaters that may potentially lead to onward transmission of the disease. The research presented here evaluated the design and operation of a novel treatment system, successfully used by Médecins Sans Frontières in Haiti to disinfect CTC wa...