evaporation from the soil surface has an important role in the water balance model in nature, so that the major part of rain fall and irrigation water in arid and semi-arid regions is lost via evaporation from the soil surface. in such areas, there are some regions with high water table and because of evaporation from the soil surface, salts accumulation also occur in the soil surface. so evapo...

introduction water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. it is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. it is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. the most common standards used to assess water quality...

A general strategy to perform water and element balances was developed and implemented for a pulp and paper mill to identify the flow profiles of water and key elements. The materials covered in the balance were water, sodium (Na), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl). A sampling strategy for the whole plant was first developed and then a number of analytical techniques we...

limitation of water resources in iran motivates sustaining and preserving of the resources in order to supply future water needs. fulfilling these objectives will not be possible unless having accurate water balance of watersheds. the purpose of this study is to estimate the water balance parameters using a distributed method. the large number of distributed models and methods was studied and “...

Airborne particulate matter (APM) is a major air pollutant, and the effect on human health of fine APM (PM2.5) deposited deep inside the lungs has recently become a serious concern. Moreover, soluble constituents may leach from APM, and intensify some health disorders. To identify the soluble chemical constituents of APM, size-classified APM was sampled in central Tokyo, and the elemental compo...

Climate has always been changing during the lifetime of the earth, and has appeared in the form of the ice age, hurricanes, severe and sudden temperature changes, precipitation and other climatic elements, and has dramatically influenced the environment, and in some cases has caused severe changes and even destructions. Some of the most important aspects of climate changes can be found in preci...

Jason Frank1, Benedict Leimkuhler2 and Keith W. Myerscough3,† 1Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80010, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands 2School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK 3Centrum Wiskunde and Informatica, PO Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Neth...

1-Introduction: Some researchers defined environment pollution as any change in properties of the environment members in a way that makes not only natural performance and biological balance disordered but also jeopardizes the benefits and the life of living creatures directly and indirectly. For centuries, different heavy metals, whether anthropogenic or earth-made, have been releasing into wat...