the effect of γ-al2o3 nanoparticles on heat transfer rate, baffle spacing and pressure drop in the shell side of small shell and tube heat exchangers was investigated numerically under turbulent regime. γ-al2o3-water nanofluids and pure water were used in the shell side and the tube side of heat exchangers, respectively. since the properties of γ-al2o3-water nanofluids were variable, they were ...

the hydraulic pressure is one of the most important factors in the design of pressure intake tunnels. since the surrounding media cannot usually resist the high internal pressure of these tunnels, they are usually finished with an adequate lining mostly of reinforced concrete, which is an interaction problem between water, soil or rock and concrete lining. although reinforcing the concrete lini...

INTRODUCTION Estimating groundwater inflow into a tunnel before and during the excavation process is an important task to ensure the safety and schedule during the underground construction process. CASE DESCRIPTION Here we report a case of the forecasting and prevention of water inrush at the Jinping II Hydropower Station diversion tunnel groups during the excavation process. The diversion tu...

Sloshing due to ground motion develops large pressure on the walls of water retaining tanks. This paper evaluates the efficacy of padded walls on the reduction of sloshing effects in rectangular water storage tanks subjected to ground motion. An analytical solution based on velocity potential function is provided to obtain the response of  rigid and padded wall tanks in terms of the wave elevat...

ENSC 461 (S 11) Gas Vapor Mixtures and HVAC 1 Gas Vapor Mixtures and HVAC Atmospheric air normally contains some water vapor (moisture). The dry-air contains no water. Although the amount of water vapor in the air is small, it plays a major role in human comfort and thus in air-conditioning applications. The temperature of air in air-conditioning applications ranges from about -10 to 50°C. In t...