A wireless sensor network is used as a distributed system for measuring plant water content in crop fields. The WSN works as a radiometric sensor which gets the information about vegetation water content from the RF communication signals. No specific sensor is needed. The equations of the measurement process are developed based on the two ray propagation model. Experimental results obtained in ...

What are the real security issues for a wireless sensor network (WSN) intended to monitor the structural health of a suspension bridge, a subway tunnel or a water distribution pipe? Could an attack on the sensor network cause the structure to collapse? How easy is it for civil engineers or other domain experts to build a secure WSN using commercially available hardware and software? We answer t...

Advancement in MEMS technology, networking and embedded microprocessors have led to the development of a new generation of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that can operate in unattended and harsh environment depending upon application. WSN consist of large number of power-conscious devices called sensor nodes that detect and observe any physical phenomenon and can be used in a wide range of app...

according to the low efficiency of irrigation and drainage networks and water distribution in iran, simulating water flow and sensitivity structures and networks is considered as a new approach to evaluate the performance hydroelectric projects in the country. in this study, because of reduced water supply and distribution, especially in downstream irrigation and drainage networks varamin to ev...

Recently, with the fast development of sensing and wireless communication technology, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been applied to monitor the physical world. A WSN consists of a set of sensor nodes, which are small sensing devices with limited computational resources able to communicate with each other located in their radio range. Network protocols ensure the effectiveness of communic...

Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. For numerous purposes along with tracing and tracking objects, the sensor node...

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is deployed with a large number of sensors with limited power supply in a wide geographically area. These sensors collect information depending on application. The sensors transmit the data towards a base station called sink. Due to the relatively high node density and source-to-sink communication pattern, congestion is a critical issue in WSN. Congestion not onl...

Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is the popular scope of research. It uses too many applications such as military and non-military. WSN is a base of the Internet of Things (IoT), pervasive computing. It consists of many nodes which are deployed in a specific filed for sense and forward data to the destination node. Routing in WSN is a very important issue because of the limitation of the...

economic valuation of water is useful in the administration and management of water. population growth and urbanization caused municipal water demand increase in iran. limited water resource supply and urban water network capacity raised complexity in water resources management. present condition suggests using economic value of water as a criterion for allocating policies and feasibility study...