Rhesus monkeys self-administered ethanol intravenously during daily, 3-h sessions. When ethanol-reinforced responding was stable and ethanol intake was in the range of 2.6-3.6 g/kg/3 h, physiological dependence to ethanol was induced by daily passive infusions of additional ethanol. In less than 1 week, mild to moderate withdrawal signs were observed prior to daily sessions. Ethanol intake was ...

BACKGROUND Chronic morphine exposure creates dependence and, upon cessation, withdrawal symptoms. Studies indicate the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor sildenafil may provide centrally mediated benefits against withdrawal, and therefore, this study evaluated morphine withdrawal signs in dependent mice with and without sildenafil treatment. METHOD Dependence was induced by repeated tr...

Ibogaine is an alkaloid with putative effect in acute opioid withdrawal. Thirty-three cases of treatments for the indication of opioid detoxification performed in non-medical settings under open label conditions are summarized involving an average daily use of heroin of .64 +/- .50 grams, primarily by the intravenous route. Resolution of the signs of opioid withdrawal without further drug seeki...

Introduction: Some studies indicate changes in the level of thyroid hormones in addicted people. Also, there are some reports concerning the modulation of hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid axis in the context of morphine addiction. In the present study, the effects of thyroid gland activation via the acute and chronic administration of levothyroxine on morphine withdrawal syndrome were investi...

It has been suggested that the negative effects associated with nicotine withdrawal promote continued tobacco use and contribute to the high relapse rate of smoking behaviors. Thus, it is important to understand the receptor-mediated mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal to aid in the development of more successful smoking cessation therapies. The effects of nicotine withdrawal are mediated...

introduction: some studies indicate changes in the level of thyroid hormones in addicted people. also, there are some reports concerning the modulation of hypothalamus-hypophysis-thyroid axis in the context of morphine addiction. in the present study, the effects of thyroid gland activation via the acute and chronic administration of levothyroxine on morphine withdrawal syndrome were investigat...

Background: Chronic administration of morphine cause physical dependence but the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. The aim of this study is the assessment of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ramelteon (a melatonin receptor agonist) on morphine physical dependence. Methods: 88 adult male rats were divided into 2 major groups, namely “systematic” and ...

Thirty two infants born to mothers taking methadone and 32 matched controls were studied to determine the incidence, timing, and frequency of persistence of withdrawal signs in infants born to maternal methadone users. Twelve (37%) infants received treatment for symptoms of withdrawal. The median length of time from birth to initiation of treatment was 23 hours (range 15-64 hours), the median l...