AIMS To develop an approach for monitoring national alcohol marketing policies globally, an area of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Alcohol Strategy. METHODS Data on restrictiveness of alcohol marketing policies came from the 2002 and 2008 WHO Global Surveys on Alcohol and Health. We included four scales in a sensitivity analysis to determine optimal weights to score countries on...

Conductive education, an educational approach devised by Andras Petö in Hungary after the second world war, has attracted considerable media attention. Eight Northern Ireland families who recently had treatment for their disabled child at the Petö Institute in Budapest were identified. Six families returned postal questionnaires designed to look at parental experience of conductive education. A...

In Celje, the first pharmacist is mentioned as early as 1578, among the first cities in Styria. In the 16th century, provincial classes hired and paid for the so-called provincial pharmacists and also monitored their work. Until the 19th century, pharmacists were considered tradesmen, then the public character of the profession changed: a court decree from 1820 required university education in ...

BACKGROUND W S Robinson made a seminal contribution by demonstrating that correlations for the same two variables can be different at the individual and ecologic level. This study reanalyzes and historically situates Robinson's influential study that laid the foundation for the primacy of analyzing data at only the individual level. METHODS We applied a binomial multilevel logistic model to a...

Prof. Amulya Kumar Saha was born on January 9, 1913, at Pabna in undivided India, which is now in Bangladesh. His father was also a doctor. Dr. Saha completed his graduation in Science from Calcutta University and after that again did his graduation in medicine from R. G. Kar Medical College, Calcutta.1 After surgical apprenticeship under the most illustrious surgeon of that time Dr. L. M. Bane...

Academic institutions exist for many purposes—preparing future leaders, challenging ideas and practices, generating new knowledge, and preparing individuals for careers, among others—but their primary purpose is to educate, facilitate learning, and promote personal and professional development. To accomplish these goals, learners need to be challenged to reflect on (and perhaps reconsider) thei...

Estimates of the proportion of married women who are doing paid work outside their homes vary considerably; but, despite the difficulties of securing reliable figures, it seems safe to conclude that, in most parts of the United Kingdom, the proportion is much greater to-day than it was before the second world war. In the 1931 Census for England and Wales, for example, only 11 per cent. of the m...

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing women heal...