Signaling by the Caenorhabditis elegans fibroblast growth factor receptor EGL-15 is activated by LET-756, a fibroblast growth factor, and attenuated by CLR-1, a receptor tyrosine phosphatase. Hyperactive EGL-15 signaling results in a dramatic Clr phenotype characterized by the accumulation of clear fluid within the pseudocoelomic space, suggesting that regulated EGL-15 signaling is essential fo...

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are carbohydrate-binding receptors that recognize their ligands often in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Upon ligand binding, myeloid CLRs in innate immunity trigger or inhibit a variety of signaling pathways, thus initiating or modulating effector functions such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation. CLRs bind to various pathogens, including vir...

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide endowed with various biological actions mediated by the interaction with the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), which couples to the receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 or 3 (RAMP2 or RAMP3) to form the functional plasma membrane receptors AM1 and AM2, respectively. In this study, we investigated for the first time the expression and loc...

In this paper we analyse congestion in TCP over ATM-UBR, in particular the association between the congestion measures at the ATM physical and TCP transport layers. In addition to the commonly used metrics, cell loss ratio (CLR) and packet retransmission ratio (PRR) two new indicators, protocol level congestion association factor (PLCAF) and CLR-PRR correlation coe cient are used. CLR and PRR a...

The NKR-P1 family of C-type lectin-like receptors are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells. We report the cloning and characterization of a cognate ligand for the inhibitory mouse NK receptors (NKR)-P1B and NKR-P1D (CD161b/d). The NKR-P1B/D ligand is osteoclast inhibitory lectin (Ocil), also known as Clr-b, a member of a previously cloned group of C-type lectin-related (Clr) pro...

This paper considers instrumental variable regression with a single endogenous variable and the potential presence of weak instruments. I construct confidence sets for the coefficient on the single endogenous regressor by inverting tests robust to weak instruments. I suggest a numerically simple algorithm for finding the Conditional Likelihood Ratio (CLR) confidence sets. The full descriptions ...

This paper considers tests and con…dence sets (CS’s) concerning the coe¢ cient on the endogenous variable in the linear IV regression model with homoskedastic normal errors and one right-hand side endogenous variable. The paper derives a …nite-sample lower bound function for the probability that a CS constructed using a two-sided invariant similar test has in…nite length and shows numerically t...

Dendritic cells are key regulators in directing immune responses and therefore are under extensive research for the induction of anti-tumor responses. DCs express a large array of receptors by which they scan their surroundings for recognition and uptake of pathogens. One of the receptor-families is the C-type lectins (CLR), which bind carbohydrate structures and internalize antigens upon recog...

BACKGROUND Osteoporotic hip fractures with a significant morbidity and excess mortality among the elderly have imposed huge health and economic burdens on societies worldwide. In this age- and sex-matched case control study, we examined the risk factors of hip fractures and assessed the fracture risk by conditional logistic regression (CLR) and ensemble artificial neural network (ANN). The perf...

BACKGROUND Clarithromycin (CLR) is the key drug in eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and widespread use of CLR has led to an increase in primary CLR-resistant H. pylori. The known mechanism of CLR resistance has been established in A2146G and A2147G mutations in the 23S rRNA gene, but evidence of the involvement of other genetic mechanisms is lacking. Using the M...