Introduction : The innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Interaction of bacterial PAMPs by TLRs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. FimH adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a PAMP of TLR4 tha...

Background: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex and multifactorial. Studies have led to the current concept that Toll-like receptors represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, and they are involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. We studied the possibility of simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 for pharmac...

Background: It is not yet known which types of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are most effective in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) recognition. It is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in TLR-mediated bacterial recognition. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients. Methods: Thirty-eight...

Intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe type of stroke accounting for 10–15 % of all strokes and is associated with a mortality rate of 30–50%. Neuroinflammation contributes to ICH-induced secondary brain injury and understanding the mechanisms causing neuroinflammation can be helpful to find new treatments of ICH. Recent studies demonstrated that toll like receptor...

background: the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex and multifactorial. studies have led to the current concept that toll-like receptors represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, and they are involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. we studied the possibility of simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 for pharmac...

introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

background: recent studies have shown the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin d3 through down-regulation of toll-like receptor (tlr) expression in human monocytes. in this study, the effects of vitamin d treatment on tlr2 and tlr4 expression on monocytes derived from type 2 diabetes was investigated. materials and methods: to assess the influence of vitamin d3 on expression of tlr2 and tlr4 on m...

In this study, we investigated the effect of Solanum nigrum aerial parts (SNAP) on macrophage activation and autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. SNAP increased production immunostimulatory factors phagocytosis TLR4 inhibition blocked SNAP-mediated factors. addition, JNK reduced factors, was by inhibition. activated autophagy. p38 attenuated These findings indicate that may induce TLR4/JNK-mediated TLR...