BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive spore-forming gut pathogen that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. A small number of C. difficile strains express the binary toxin (CDT), which is generally found in C. difficile 027 (ST1) and/or 078 (ST11) in clinic. However, we isolated a binary toxin-positive non-027, non-078 C. difficile LC693 that is associated wi...

A discussion of the 1988 conference of the International Pc.litical Science Association (IPSA) along with a report on the meaning of the IPSA for the Dutch National Institute for Curr_LctUum Development (SLO) are presented in this document. Part 1 includes: general information on the aims, structure, and activities of the IPSA; a description of the 14th World Congress with its special themes an...

A novel route for preparing 5cap mimics and capped RNAs: phosphate-modified cap analogues obtained via click chemistry S. Walczak, A. Nowicka, D. Kubacka, K. Fac, P. Wanat, S. Mroczek, J. Kowalska and J. Jemielity Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wa...

Three species of Pampasatyrus Hayward, 1953 (Satyrinae, Pronophilina) are transferred to Stegosatyrus n. gen. (Euptychiina) based on morphological evidence: S. imbrialis (Weeks, 1901) n. comb. from Bolivia (Cochabamba) and northern Argentina; S. ocelloides (Schaus, 1902) n. comb. from Paraguay (Hernandarias and Caaguazú) and Brazil (Midwest, Southeast and South regions); and S. periphas (Godart...

Clostridium difficile colonization in pig intestine has been a public health concern. We analyzed C. difficile prevalence among piglets in Japan to clarify their origin and extent of the associated risk by using molecular and microbiological methods for both swine and human clinical isolates and foreign isolates. C. difficile was isolated from 120 neonatal piglet fecal samples. Toxin gene profi...

In this letter we present the results of a wavelet analysis of the radio light curve of the BLLac Object PKSB0048−097 from the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory monitoring program at 8GHz during twenty-five years, from 1979 to 2004. The results show a remarkable periodicity of 450–470 days in the early 1980s that changed to a ∼585 day periodicity in the late 1980s to early 1990...

Clostridium difficile has emerged rapidly as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease, with the temporal and geographical appearance of dominant PCR ribotypes such as 017, 027 and 078. Despite this continued threat, we have a poor understanding of how or why particular variants emerge and the sources of strains that dominate different human populations. We have undertaken a ...

Ribotypes and toxin genotypes of clinical C. difficile isolates in Taiwan are rarely reported. A prospective surveillance study from January 2011 to January 2013 was conducted at the medical wards of a district hospital in southern Taiwan. Of the first toxigenic isolates from 120 patients, 68 (56.7%) of 120 isolates possessed both tcdA and tcdB. Of 52 (43.3%) with tcdB and truncated tcdA (tcdA-...