The Birch and Swinnerton--Dyer conjecture famously predicts that the rank of an elliptic curve can be computed from its $L$-function. In this article we consider a weaker version called parity prove following. Let $E_1$ $E_2$ two curves defined over number field $K$ whose 2-torsion groups are isomorphic as Galois modules. Assuming finiteness Shafarevich-Tate $E_2$, show Swinnerton-Dyer correctl...

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we derive theoretically, using appropriate transformation on x(n), the closed-form solution of the nonlinear difference equation x(n+1) = 1/(±1 + x(n)), n ∈ N_0. The form of solution of this equation, however, was first obtained in [10] but through induction principle. Then, with the solution of the above equation at hand, we prove a case ...