Incubation of T-2 toxin with the 9,000 x g supernatant fluid of both human and bovine liver homogenate resulted in conversion to a single, deacetylated product identified as HT-2 toxin. Metabolism is more rapid in human liver. HT-2 toxin was not produced when human plasma was the incubating medium nor was it produced by treatment of T-2 toxin with simulated gastric juice. T-2 toxin was stable i...

Anthrax toxin receptors 1 and 2 (ANTXR1 and ANTXR2) have a related integrin-like inserted (I) domain which interacts with a metal cation that is coordinated by residue D683 of the protective antigen (PA) subunit of anthrax toxin. The receptor-bound metal ion and PA residue D683 are critical for ANTXR1-PA binding. Since PA can bind to ANTXR2 with reduced affinity in the absence of metal ions, we...

background: rice is one of the crops, which are prone to be contaminated with toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. this study aimed to investigate the natural occurrence of t-2 toxin in domestic and imported rice in iran. methods: in a cross-sectional descriptive study in winter 2007, 140 samples of imported rice (125 samples of thai and 25 sam­ples of pakistani rice) and 60 samples of iranian...

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify various T-2 toxin metabolites in chicken excreta and organs 18 h after intraperitoneal injection of the toxin. No trichothecenes were detected in the heart and kidneys, and only trace amounts were detected in the lungs. Most of the T-2 metabolites were found in the excreta, although considerable amounts were also found in the liver. In a...

Abstract Trichothecenes are among the most important fusariotoxins. According to their chemical structure, they divided into 4 groups (A – D). In terms of agriculture, trichothecenes A and B greatest importance. this study, incidence (deoxynivalenol T-2 toxin) in mixed feed for broilers turkeys were determined. Deoxynivalenol was detected all analysed samples mixture (100 %) at an average conce...

Cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 expression and inhibition were investigated in a rabbit ileal loop model of Clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. Intestinal tissue stimulated with C. difficile toxin A showed up-regulation of Cox-2 expression in lamina propria macrophages and elevated prostaglandin levels. Toxin A-stimulated loops exhibited severe inflammation and increased secretory volume. Celeco...

Evidence from multiple studies suggests that Clostridium perfringens ε-toxin is a pore-forming toxin, assembling into oligomeric complexes in the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. In a previous study, we used gene-trap mutagenesis to identify mammalian factors contributing to toxin activity, including caveolin-2 (CAV2). In this study, we demonstrate the importance of caveolin-2 and its intera...

The effects of emetine on the association of T-2 toxin with Chinese hamster ovary cells were examined. T-2 toxin-cell association at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C was reduced by up to 90% after preincubation of cells with emetine. Emetine-induced reduction in T-2 toxin-cell association was time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent. A 4-min preincubation with emetine at physiological ...

An extensive study of the metabolism of the type A trichothecene mycotoxins HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in barley using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is reported. A recently developed untargeted approach based on stable isotopic labelling, LC-Orbitrap-MS analysis with fast polarity switching and data processing by MetExtract software was combined with...